Patho Quiz

Question 1

What are the fluid % of Adults?

Answer 1

60%

Question 2

What are the fluid % of kids?

Answer 2

80%

Question 3

What are the elderly fluid %?

Answer 3

50% fluid 50% solid

Question 4

Why are elderly and children more at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

Answer 4

Any shift in fluid can cause tremendous amount of consequences such a diseases and anything related to electrolyte imbalances

Question 5

What is infants body composition like?

Answer 5

Body surface much larger, High metabolic rate and get dehydrated easily from fluid lost

Question 6

What is elderly body composition like?

Answer 6

Increase fat, decrease muscle and water. Kidney less responsive.. Any fever can be very severe in the elderly

Question 7

Of the 60% of fluid composition, what % is intracellular and extracellular?

Answer 7

40% intracellular, 20% extracellular (5% plasma & 14% interstitial & 1% transcellular)

Question 8

Where is interstitial fluid?

Answer 8

Between vascular area and intracellular fluid

Question 9

Why are fluids important?

Answer 9

Lubricate, solvent for chemical actions of metabolism, transport oxygen nutrients and wastes, regulate body temp, cushion as a shock absorber ( don’t break bones easily), and provide form for body ( stand up right)

Question 10

Factors that influence fluid and electrolyte

Answer 10

Intake, absorption, distribution, and excretion

Question 11

ECF- Plasma is also called what and located where?

Answer 11

Intravascular Fluid… Fluid outside cell but within vascular space, within the blood vessel

Question 12

What are examples of ions in extracellular fluid ?

Answer 12

Na+, Cl-, HCO3 (bi carb)

Question 13

What are examples of major ions in intracellular fluid?

Answer 13

K+, Mg++, HPO4 (hydrogen phosphate)

Question 14

What is osmolarity ?

Answer 14

The measure of solute concentration in a solution

Question 15

What are the normal limits of serum osmolarity?

Answer 15

275-290 Osm/L

Question 16

How do you calculate serum osmolarity?

Answer 16

Take serum sodium level (Meq/L) and multiply by 2.. Will get Osm/L and tell you how over fluid/ dehydrated a person is

Question 17

What are electrolytes?

Answer 17

Solutes that from ions (cation +/ Anion-) which have electrical charges that can cause fluid movement

Question 18

What are the major electrolytes?

Answer 18

Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++

Cl-, HCO3, HPO4–, SO4-

Question 19

What is the fxn of EFC?

Answer 19

Volume and Concentration of EFC… regulates: blood & bodily fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and metabolic fxn

Question 20

What is the function of K?

Answer 20

Muscle contraction and cardiac conduction

Question 21

Where is K mostly at?

Answer 21

Think next of Kin, close to inside. INTRACELLULAR

Question 22

What would cause K to move from EFC > ICF?

Answer 22

Insulin

Question 23

What would cause K to move from IFC>EFC?

Answer 23

Acidosis, trauma, and exercise

Question 24

What are some non electrolytes?

Answer 24

Sugar, lipids, amino acids, and protein

Question 25

Which non-electrolytes are apart of the waste products effecting metabolic fxn?

Answer 25

Uric acid, urea, and creatine

Question 26

What is the fxn of HCO3 and H?

Answer 26

Acid base regulation

Question 27

What is the fxn of Ca?

Answer 27

Skeletal integrity, coagulation, neurotransmitters, and cardiac conduction

Question 28

What is the fxn of PO4 ( phosphate)?

Answer 28

Skeletal, energy/ATP

Question 29

What is the fxn of Mg ( magnesium) ?

Answer 29

Gi, Neuro, and Cardiac

Question 30

What can cause electrolyte / fluid disorders?

Answer 30

Dilution and increased concentration

Question 31

What are some regulation mechanisms of electrolytes?

Answer 31

Concentration gradients, pressure gradients, hormones, and kidneys

Question 32

What is osmosis?

Answer 32

Movement of water to move through semi- permeable membrane, high to low concentration

Question 33

What is Diffusion?

Answer 33

Movement of solute across semi-permeable membrane from areas of high to low conc

Question 34

What will happen in a isotonic solution?

Answer 34

Conc. of solute = body serum of PT nothing will happen to cell

Question 35

What will happen if you infuse a hypotonic solution?

Answer 35

The cell will swell b/c the conc. of intracellular is higher, therefore fluid will get pulled in.

Question 36

What will happen to cell in hypertonic sol?

Answer 36

Cell will shrink

Question 37

Explain the mechanisms of hydrostatic pressure

Answer 37

Is mechanic force of water pushing against membrane. Side with more solutes will increase.. Will have more solutes & fluid & hydrostatic pressure

Question 38

Explain the mechanisms of oncotic/ colloid pressure

Answer 38

Osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma. Any compartment of fluid that contains a lot of proteins will attract higher conc of water water moving

Question 39

What does ADH do?

Answer 39

Anti-diuretic hormone that controls water absorption and amount of water excreted in urine

Question 40

Why is aldosterone important?

Answer 40

Major role in Na+ balance and volume regulation

Question 41

What is aldosterone stimulated by?

Answer 41

Decreased volume to the kidneys, baroreceptors in the afferent arterioles of the kidneys, v Na & ^ K

Question 42

When does ADH get released?

Answer 42

Hypernatremia (^ Na in plasma ) and dehydration

Question 43

Explain Renin Angiotensin Response

Answer 43

v in Bp ( severe dehydration), recognized by kidney, which will release Renin, will be secreted in blood stream, renin causes angiotensogen to covert to angiotensin 1, get circulated in lungs, gets converted to angiotensin 11, which will get circulated in blood stream and into adrenal cortex and stimulates secretion of aldosterone .. Aldosterone will promote Na & h20 reabsorption. Angiotensin II will also cause vasodilation which will increase blood volume and elevate BP

Question 44

What is an example of isotonic iv?

Answer 44

Normal saline (0.9%) & lactated ringer

Question 45

What is an example of hypotonic IV med?

Answer 45

D5W & 5% dextrose in 1/2 normal saline

Question 46

What is an example of hypertonic iv med?

Answer 46

3% NaCl

Question 47

What is Hypervolemia?

Answer 47

Excess fluid in Intravascular comparment

Question 48

What is Edema?

Answer 48

Excess fluid in interstitial space

Question 49

What is another name for excess fluid in Interstitial Space?

Answer 49

Third spacing

Question 50

What is intracellular swelling?

Answer 50

Excess fluid inside cell, in the case of hypoxia

Question 51

What are the general manifestations of excess fluid?

Answer 51

Change in osmolarity, serum change in Na, dyspnea, drop in urine output, HTN, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hemodilution or hemocentration

Question 52

What can cause Edema?

Answer 52

Increase in hydrostatic pressure (venous obstruction, too Mach salt & h20 retention, decrease in albumin, increase in capillary permeability and poor lymphatic drainage.

Question 53

What is the difference between localized and generalized edema?

Answer 53

Local is easier to manage

Question 54

What are some problems that Edema can cause?

Answer 54

Impede movement between vascular & interstitial space, decrease capillary flow because ^ tissue pressure, and interfere w/ organ fxn

Question 55

What is third spacing?

Answer 55

Excess fluid in interstitial spaces and connective tissue between cells (edema) or excess fluid in potential spaces (effusion)

Question 56

What are example of effusion?

Answer 56

Acites (peritoneal cavity), Cor pulmonale (pericardial sac), joint effusion ( synovial cavities of joints), and pleural effusion (alveoli or pleural spaces)

Question 57

What is CHF?

Answer 57

Congested heart failure- Diseased or malfunction of heart, decreased cardiac output, and decreased renal profusion. Manifestations: dyspnea, crackles, decrease urine output, RR HR BP Increase..