Patho Unit 2 Flashcards by Lauren Gilmore

the part of the nervous system made up of the brain and the spinal cord

Central Nervous System (CNS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

system in charge of rapid functions and activities

nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

part of the nervous system that is made up of somatic NS, the autonomic NS and the Enteric

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

another name for a nerve cell

neuron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neurons that carry information from the environment and the body to the CNS

Sensory Neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neurons that carry information away from the CNS to the body

motor neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name of the pathway for the motor neurons

descending (efferent) pathway

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neurons that connect other neurons to each other

associational neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a group of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS

ganglion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neuron cell bodies inside of the CNS that are grouped closely together and are responsible for one function

nuclei

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neurons can not undergo _____

mitosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

rerouting of brain functions to remaining areas after damage

neuroplasticity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cell body of a neuron

soma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the location of a neuron’s destination where it meets up with another cell

synapse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chemicals released by the axon at the destination

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

extension away from the soma (cell body) with or without a covering

axon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

insulating covering of some axons

myelin sheath

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the swelling at the end of an axon that contains the neurotransmitters

synaptic knob (terminal buttons)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

larger and faster axons, due to the insulating properties

myelinated axons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

axons with slower conduction

non-myelinated axons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nodes along the axon where there is no myelin

nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cells that produce the myelin to cover the neurons and help their function

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

star shaped cells that provide physical and nutritional support for neurons (supporting cell)

astrocyte (astroglia)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

supporting cells that digest dead neurons

microglia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

supporting cells that provide myelin to neurons in the CNS

oligodendroglia

supporting cells that are a physical support for neurons in the PNS

satellite cells

stored energy in the neuron cell body

resting potential

the cell is ______ inside and ______ outside

negative inside & positive outside

electrical polarity in a neuron is created by the _____

sodium potassium pump (Na-K pump)

chemicals synthesized in the soma of a neuron and stored at the end of an axon at the synaptic terminal

neurotransmitters

space between the axon and the receptor cell

synaptic cleft

what is the main inhibitory NT in the brain

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

what is the main excitatory NT in the brain

glutamate (glutamic acid)

NT that uses G-protein receptors called cholinergic

acetylcholine (ACh)

type of NT that is implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, narcolepsy, psychosis, and ADHD

monoamines

type of monoamine that affects regions of the pons and brainstem to regulate sleep induction, mood and anxiety

serotonin

what percentage of the body's cardiac output is recieved by the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

20%

three main divisions of the brain

forebrain midbrain (mesencephalon) hindbrain

what is the clinical term for the part of the brain that is made up of the midbrain and the hindbrain

brainstem

another name for midbrain

mesencephalon

another name for the cerebellum and pons (in hindbrain)

metencephalon

another name for the medulla (in hindbrain)

myelencephalon

usual substrate for energy production in cerebral metabolism

glucose

how long does it take for a loss of blood flow due to lack of oxygen for aerobic respiration to cause a coma

5 to 10 seconds

name of the two anterior vessels that supply the brain with blood

carotid arteries

name the two posterior vessels supplying the brain with blood

basilar arteries

lack of blood flow in a specific artery

thrombosis

leaking of blood from a vessel

hemorrhage

________ encompasses a circle around the base of the brain that connects the carotid and basilar arteries

Circle of Willis

blockage of blood supply to the brain could be on or more of what four things

tumor thrombosis bleeding injury

arterial blockage would cause _______

ischemia (lack of blood to the brain)

venous blockage would cause

increase cranial pressure

fluid of the spinal cord

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

what makes up the blood brain barrier (BBB)

neuroglia | tight junctions

3 areas of the brain not affected by the BBB

pineal gland pituitary gland hypothalamus

why does the BBB not apply to those 3 areas?

the brain has sample the body's internal environment for body functions controlled by those parts of the brain

3 things can easily cross the BBB

water lipid soluble substances gases (O2 CO2)

things that have difficult entry across the BBB

proteins electrolytes larger molecules (including certain therapeutic drugs)

nerves that come out of the bottom of the spinal cord

cauda equina (horse's tail)

white matter of the spinal cord

axons (myelin)

area of the spinal cord that contains the CSF

central canal

gray matter of the cord

soma (neuron cell bodies)

know anatomical position and terms

``` anterior posterior superior inferior ventral dorsal proximal distal medial lateral midline ```

bulging areas of the spinal cord where the peripheral nerves attach

"horns"

bundles of axons traveling together and serving the same function (pathways transmitting a certain type of information)

tracts

when a nerve tract crosses over from one side of the body to another at some point in the cord

decussation

membranes with spaces above and below the brain and membranes that contain structures or fluid

meninges

potential space above first layer of meninges which has a negative sub-atmospheric pressure

epidural space

first layer of meninge, including both the periosteum and the inner dura

dura matter

space below the dura matter containing blood vessels

subdural space

second layer of meninge

arachnoid membrane

space that forms the internal cavities of the brain (ventricles) that contains the CSF

subarachnoid space

last meninge layer that contains the choroid plexuses that make CSF

pia matter

PNS neurotransmitters (NTs) that release peripherally at sites of injury and inflammation, stimulated by histamine

neuropeptides (amino acid chains)

when sensory symptoms are in the body area that corresponds to any destructive processes in vertebrae or the spinal cord at that level of the spinal cord

radiculopathy

where a neuron synapses with skeletal muscle

neuromuscular junction

receptor on the skeletal muscle that accepts ACh from a neuron

nicotinic

first neuron that leaves the spinal cord

pre-synaptic neuron

second neuron that leaves the spinal cord that sends its axon to the destination or "end organ"

post-synaptic neuron

division of the motor nervous system that controls voluntary movements

somatic nervous system

division of the motor nervous system that controls involuntary responses

autonomic nervous system

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic | parasympathetic

which division of the ANS is "fight or flight"

sympathetic division

which division of the ANS is the "rest or digest" division

parasympathetic

cranial nerve that affects many visceral organs (parasympathetic)

vagus (vagal)

what is another term for adrenaline

epinephrine

NT released by most sympathetic post-synaptic neurons

catecholamines

catacholamine receptor that is on the lung and relaxes smooth muscle of the bronchioles to bronchodilate them and improve ventilation

beta-2 receptor

receptor on the heart that increases heart rate and force of ventricular contraction (BP)

beta-1 receptor

receptors on peripheral blood vessels for vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels and on genitourinary smooth muscle for smooth muscle contraction

alpha-1 receptors

receptors on fat cells that cause lypolysis and on smooth muscle of the bladder

beta-3 receptors

12 large nerves that enter the base of the brain

cranial nerves

name the 12 cranial nerves

1: olfactory 2: optic 3: oculomotor 4: trochlear 5: trigeminal 6: abducent 7: facial 8: vestibulocochlear 9: glossopharyngeal 10: vagus 11: accessory 12: hypoglossal

what is the main inhibitory NT in the brain

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

what is the main excitatory NT in the brain

glutamate (glutamic acid)

NT that uses G-protein receptors called cholinergic

acetylcholine (ACh)

type of NT that is implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, narcolepsy, psychosis, and ADHD

monoamines

type of monoamine that affects regions of the pons and brainstem to regulate sleep induction, mood and anxiety

serotonin

what percentage of the body's cardiac output is recieved by the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

20%

three main divisions of the brain

forebrain midbrain (mesencephalon) hindbrain

what is the clinical term for the part of the brain that is made up of the midbrain and the hindbrain

brainstem

another name for midbrain

mesencephalon

another name for the cerebellum and pons (in hindbrain)

metencephalon

another name for the medulla (in hindbrain)

myelencephalon

usual substrate for energy production in cerebral metabolism

glucose

how long does it take for a loss of blood flow due to lack of oxygen for aerobic respiration to cause a coma

5 to 10 seconds

name of the two anterior vessels that supply the brain with blood

carotid arteries

name the two posterior vessels supplying the brain with blood

basilar arteries

lack of blood flow in a specific artery

thrombosis

leaking of blood from a vessel

hemorrhage

________ encompasses a circle around the base of the brain that connects the carotid and basilar arteries

Circle of Willis

blockage of blood supply to the brain could be on or more of what four things

tumor thrombosis bleeding injury

arterial blockage would cause _______

ischemia (lack of blood to the brain)

venous blockage would cause

increase cranial pressure

fluid of the spinal cord

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

what makes up the blood brain barrier (BBB)

neuroglia | tight junctions

3 areas of the brain not affected by the BBB

pineal gland pituitary gland hypothalamus

why does the BBB not apply to those 3 areas?

the brain has sample the body's internal environment for body functions controlled by those parts of the brain

3 things can easily cross the BBB

water lipid soluble substances gases (O2 CO2)

things that have difficult entry across the BBB

proteins electrolytes larger molecules (including certain therapeutic drugs)

nerves that come out of the bottom of the spinal cord

cauda equina (horse's tail)

white matter of the spinal cord

axons (myelin)

area of the spinal cord that contains the CSF

central canal

gray matter of the cord

soma (neuron cell bodies)

know anatomical position and terms

``` anterior posterior superior inferior ventral dorsal proximal distal medial lateral midline ```

bulging areas of the spinal cord where the peripheral nerves attach

"horns"

bundles of axons traveling together and serving the same function (pathways transmitting a certain type of information)

tracts

when a nerve tract crosses over from one side of the body to another at some point in the cord

decussation

membranes with spaces above and below the brain and membranes that contain structures or fluid

meninges

potential space above first layer of meninges which has a negative sub-atmospheric pressure

epidural space

first layer of meninge, including both the periosteum and the inner dura

dura matter

space below the dura matter containing blood vessels

subdural space

second layer of meninge

arachnoid membrane

space that forms the internal cavities of the brain (ventricles) that contains the CSF

subarachnoid space

last meninge layer that contains the choroid plexuses that make CSF

pia matter

PNS neurotransmitters (NTs) that release peripherally at sites of injury and inflammation, stimulated by histamine

neuropeptides (amino acid chains)

when sensory symptoms are in the body area that corresponds to any destructive processes in vertebrae or the spinal cord at that level of the spinal cord

radiculopathy

where a neuron synapses with skeletal muscle

neuromuscular junction

what is the main inhibitory NT in the brain

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

what is the main excitatory NT in the brain

glutamate (glutamic acid)

NT that uses G-protein receptors called cholinergic

acetylcholine (ACh)

type of NT that is implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, narcolepsy, psychosis, and ADHD

monoamines

type of monoamine that affects regions of the pons and brainstem to regulate sleep induction, mood and anxiety

serotonin

what percentage of the body's cardiac output is recieved by the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

20%

three main divisions of the brain

forebrain midbrain (mesencephalon) hindbrain

what is the clinical term for the part of the brain that is made up of the midbrain and the hindbrain

brainstem

another name for midbrain

mesencephalon

another name for the cerebellum and pons (in hindbrain)

metencephalon

another name for the medulla (in hindbrain)

myelencephalon

usual substrate for energy production in cerebral metabolism

glucose

how long does it take for a loss of blood flow due to lack of oxygen for aerobic respiration to cause a coma

5 to 10 seconds

name of the two anterior vessels that supply the brain with blood

carotid arteries

name the two posterior vessels supplying the brain with blood

basilar arteries

lack of blood flow in a specific artery

thrombosis

leaking of blood from a vessel

hemorrhage

________ encompasses a circle around the base of the brain that connects the carotid and basilar arteries

Circle of Willis

blockage of blood supply to the brain could be on or more of what four things

tumor thrombosis bleeding injury

arterial blockage would cause _______

ischemia (lack of blood to the brain)

venous blockage would cause

increase cranial pressure

fluid of the spinal cord

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

what makes up the blood brain barrier (BBB)

neuroglia | tight junctions

3 areas of the brain not affected by the BBB

pineal gland pituitary gland hypothalamus

why does the BBB not apply to those 3 areas?

the brain has sample the body's internal environment for body functions controlled by those parts of the brain

3 things can easily cross the BBB

water lipid soluble substances gases (O2 CO2)

things that have difficult entry across the BBB

proteins electrolytes larger molecules (including certain therapeutic drugs)

nerves that come out of the bottom of the spinal cord

cauda equina (horse's tail)

white matter of the spinal cord

axons (myelin)

area of the spinal cord that contains the CSF

central canal

gray matter of the cord

soma (neuron cell bodies)

know anatomical position and terms

``` anterior posterior superior inferior ventral dorsal proximal distal medial lateral midline ```

bulging areas of the spinal cord where the peripheral nerves attach

"horns"

bundles of axons traveling together and serving the same function (pathways transmitting a certain type of information)

tracts

when a nerve tract crosses over from one side of the body to another at some point in the cord

decussation

membranes with spaces above and below the brain and membranes that contain structures or fluid

meninges

potential space above first layer of meninges which has a negative sub-atmospheric pressure

epidural space

first layer of meninge, including both the periosteum and the inner dura

dura matter

space below the dura matter containing blood vessels

subdural space

second layer of meninge

arachnoid membrane

space that forms the internal cavities of the brain (ventricles) that contains the CSF

subarachnoid space

last meninge layer that contains the choroid plexuses that make CSF

pia matter

PNS neurotransmitters (NTs) that release peripherally at sites of injury and inflammation, stimulated by histamine

neuropeptides (amino acid chains)

when sensory symptoms are in the body area that corresponds to any destructive processes in vertebrae or the spinal cord at that level of the spinal cord

radiculopathy

where a neuron synapses with skeletal muscle

neuromuscular junction

what is the main inhibitory NT in the brain

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

what is the main excitatory NT in the brain

glutamate (glutamic acid)

NT that uses G-protein receptors called cholinergic

acetylcholine (ACh)

type of NT that is implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, narcolepsy, psychosis, and ADHD

monoamines

type of monoamine that affects regions of the pons and brainstem to regulate sleep induction, mood and anxiety

serotonin

what percentage of the body's cardiac output is recieved by the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

20%

three main divisions of the brain

forebrain midbrain (mesencephalon) hindbrain

what is the clinical term for the part of the brain that is made up of the midbrain and the hindbrain

brainstem

another name for midbrain

mesencephalon

another name for the cerebellum and pons (in hindbrain)

metencephalon

another name for the medulla (in hindbrain)

myelencephalon

usual substrate for energy production in cerebral metabolism

glucose

how long does it take for a loss of blood flow due to lack of oxygen for aerobic respiration to cause a coma

5 to 10 seconds

name of the two anterior vessels that supply the brain with blood

carotid arteries

name the two posterior vessels supplying the brain with blood

basilar arteries

lack of blood flow in a specific artery

thrombosis

leaking of blood from a vessel

hemorrhage

________ encompasses a circle around the base of the brain that connects the carotid and basilar arteries

Circle of Willis

blockage of blood supply to the brain could be on or more of what four things

tumor thrombosis bleeding injury

arterial blockage would cause _______

ischemia (lack of blood to the brain)

venous blockage would cause

increase cranial pressure

fluid of the spinal cord

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

what makes up the blood brain barrier (BBB)

neuroglia | tight junctions

3 areas of the brain not affected by the BBB

pineal gland pituitary gland hypothalamus

why does the BBB not apply to those 3 areas?

the brain has sample the body's internal environment for body functions controlled by those parts of the brain

3 things can easily cross the BBB

water lipid soluble substances gases (O2 CO2)

things that have difficult entry across the BBB

proteins electrolytes larger molecules (including certain therapeutic drugs)

nerves that come out of the bottom of the spinal cord

cauda equina (horse's tail)

white matter of the spinal cord

axons (myelin)

area of the spinal cord that contains the CSF

central canal

gray matter of the cord

soma (neuron cell bodies)

know anatomical position and terms

``` anterior posterior superior inferior ventral dorsal proximal distal medial lateral midline ```

bulging areas of the spinal cord where the peripheral nerves attach

"horns"

bundles of axons traveling together and serving the same function (pathways transmitting a certain type of information)

tracts

when a nerve tract crosses over from one side of the body to another at some point in the cord

decussation

membranes with spaces above and below the brain and membranes that contain structures or fluid

meninges

potential space above first layer of meninges which has a negative sub-atmospheric pressure

epidural space

first layer of meninge, including both the periosteum and the inner dura

dura matter

space below the dura matter containing blood vessels

subdural space

second layer of meninge

arachnoid membrane

space that forms the internal cavities of the brain (ventricles) that contains the CSF

subarachnoid space

last meninge layer that contains the choroid plexuses that make CSF

pia matter

PNS neurotransmitters (NTs) that release peripherally at sites of injury and inflammation, stimulated by histamine

neuropeptides (amino acid chains)

when sensory symptoms are in the body area that corresponds to any destructive processes in vertebrae or the spinal cord at that level of the spinal cord

radiculopathy

where a neuron synapses with skeletal muscle

neuromuscular junction

5 examples of spinal reflexes (primative) that neonates possess

``` sucking palmar grasp moro stepping rooting ```

pain that is limited in duration and alerts us to a problem

acute pain

pain that lasts longer than normal persisting beyond resolution of an underlying disorder or healing of injury

chronic pain

dull, poorly localized pain occurring in bone, ligaments, tendons, muscle, and fascia

somatic pain

aching, difficult to lacalize, referred pain that occurs in the body's internal organs but is localized to another area of the body

visceral

injury to skin or the skin strutures

cutaneous injury

injury to the nerves, spinal cord, or brain

neuropathic pain

fifth vital sign

pain rating

ABCDE of pain assessment and management

Ask about pain regularly Believe report of pain and relief agents from patient Choose pain control options appropriately Deliver interventions Empower patients as much as possible

some examples of pain indications include:

``` grimacing guarding, protective behavior of a certain area vocalizations body movements pallor diaphoresis pupil dilation decreased attention span confusion ```

what is the most common pain scale for adults

numeric pain scale (from 1 to 10)

what is the most popular pain scale for children

Wong-Baker Faces

who must have pain assessed by a checklist of non-verbal indicators

``` neonates critical care (can't respond) ```

part of the brain that controls the internal environment

hypothalamus

type of sleep where the sleeper's eyes can be seen moving beneath partially closed eyelids

rapid eye movement (REM)

type of sleep where vitals, muscle tone, reflexes, and cerebral blood flow are decreased

non-REM (NREM)

map of sleep pattern

EEG (electroencephalogram)

what sleep stages does slow wave sleep (SWS) take place in

stages 3 and 4

what mental activity occurs during slow wave sleep (SWS)

memory consolidation

what stage of sleep comprises about 20-25% of total sleep and occurs every 90 minutes after the first 1-2 hours of sleep

REM

physiological changes occur during REM sleep

sexual excitement | loss of voluntary tongue/larynx musculature

hour much time per day to newborns typically sleep

16-17 hours (mostly REM)

group of primary sleep disorders that is a change in normal sleep patterns

dyssomnias

group of sleep disorders that is something happening during sleep and disrupting it (walking, nightmares...)

parasomnia

sleep study:

polysomnography

sudden loss of muscle tone and stability (drop attacks)

cataplexy

sleep disorder characterized by recurrent sleep attacks that are 10-20 minutes long, with cataplaxy, hallucinations, and sleep paralysis

narcolepsy

breathing related sleep syndromes

sleep apnea syndromes

blockage of upper airway during sleep, mostly in the obese

obstructive sleep apnea

three types of circadian rhythm sleep disorders

jet lag shift work delayed sleep phase (night owls)

three types of childhood parasomnias

nightmare disorder sleep terror disorder somnabulism

sleep disorder where one is awakened from sleep by nightmares, and they are fully awake on arousal

nightmare disorder

sleep disorder where one is awakened screaming from stage 3 or 4 NREM sleep and they are disoriented and don't remember why they are screaming

sleep terror disorder

sleepwalking usually during stage 3 or 4 NREM sleep

somnabulism

"crib death" possibly due to central or destructive apnea, position during sleep, or immature hindbrain where the brain doesn't realize that there is elevated CO2

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

main assessment scale that exists to evaluate the depth of a coma

Glasgow Coma Scale

disorder characterized by severe and pervasive impairment in thinking, feeling, language, and the ability to relate to others

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

seizure disorder

epilepsy

recording of electrical activity from the brain

electro-encephalogram (EEG)

two common types of seizures

generalized | partial

type of seizure that has widespread electrical discharge that affects both sides on the brain (often genetic)

generalized

type of seizure that has abnormal electrical discharge in only one part of the brain, and can be due to a variety of different causes

partial

progressive loss of memory and learning with associated behavioral and adaptive deterioration resulting in early death

dementia

ABC's of dementia (3 domains of disability)

Activity Behavior Cognition (memory, language, learning, perception, abstract thinking, judgement )

type of dementia that is the most common in the USA: age related, gradual symptoms over time, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaque deposition, loss of cholinergic neurons producing ACh)

Alzheimer's

rapidly progressive dementia that is seen alone or with other pathologies

Lewy-body dementia

dementia usually caused by the same risk factors as in any cardiovascular disease (high bp, high cholesterol, smoking)

vascular dementia

autosomal dominant genetic illness where a DNA mutation causes a gene to expand more than it is supposed to which ultimately leads to death of neurons and an imbalance in the basal ganglia with overactive dopaminergic pathways

Huntington's Disease

familial cause of brain degeneration and coordination difficulties with a resting tremor. (bradykinesia, soft speech, postural instability, abnormal gait, progressive rigidity)

Parkinson's Disease

any physiological disruption of brain function that is traumatically induced. involves LOC, retrograde or anterograde amnesia and altered mental state at time of diagnosis

traumatic brain injury

type of traumatic brain injury that is a brainstem contusion caused by a shaking type injury or trauma involving rotational stresses (shaken baby syndrome, car accident)

diffuse axonal injury

type of child abuse that is also called acute head trauma that includes any kind of head injury inflicted on a child

shaken baby syndrome

most common type of stroke in adults that is caused by a blood clot (thrombotic)

ischemic

type of stroke that is caused by a inter-cranial bleed

hemorrhagic

what does the stroke acronym "FAST" stand for?

Face (uneven or droopy?) Arm (one hanging down?) Speech (slurred?) Time (call 911 NOW)

autoimmune attack against the acetylcholine receptors on the skeletal muscle with presentations including affected bulbar muscles, slack facial muscles and neck weakness

Myasthenia Gravis

most common demylinating disease where a loss of myelin around CNS neurons causes a loss of neurological function and often there is loss of vision in one eye

Multiple Sclerosis

disease caused by the over-accumulation of the neurotransmitter glutamate in the CNS, causing excito-toxicity of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord. neurons die and there is a loss of lower motor function, and muscle paresis. eventually loses ability to speak, swallow and breath

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (aka Lou Gehrig's Disease)