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BVetMed3 - Respiratory > Pathobiology And Microboiology Of Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Pathobiology And Microboiology Of Respiratory Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

What are proteobacteria?

A

Phylum of gram negatives including E.coli, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter

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2
Q

Where are proteobacteria found in the respiratory tract?

A

URT+LRT

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3
Q

What types of infection are more common, primary or secondary?

A

Secondary

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4
Q

How do secondary bacterial infections occur?

A

Facilitated by initial viral or sometimes parasitic infection or by environmental stress

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5
Q

Are bacterial infections most commonly pure or mixed?

A

Mixed

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6
Q

What viruses can cause infections of the URT and spread down to cause bronchitis and bronchiolitis?

A

Influenza virus (horses, pigs, dogs)

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

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7
Q

What pathogens are associated with feline upper respiratory disease?

A

Usually associated with viral infection - FHV-1 or FCV

Some bacteria can be primary pathogens - Chlamydia felis, Bordatella bronchiseptica

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8
Q

What pathogens are associated with canine upper airway disease (CIRD)

A

Often primary viral infection with

Bordatella bronchiseptica

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9
Q

How severe does small animal upper airway disease tend to be?

A

Self limiting, can usually recover without the need for antimicrobials

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10
Q

What would an URT infection that hadn’t subsided after 10 days indicate?

What could you give?

A

Systemic disease

Doxycycline

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11
Q

Why is culturing from nasal swabs a bad idea?

A

Will culture commensals

Chlamydia and mycoplasma are not culturable

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12
Q

what is the observation period for URT disease?

A

10 days

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13
Q

What is the drug of choice for severe (e.g. bronchopneumonia) or persisting infections?

A

Doxycycline

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14
Q

Describe chlamydia felis

A

obligate intracellular

Gram negative rods

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15
Q

How does chlamydia felis usually manifest in cats?

A

Bilateral conjunctivitis

Possible nasal discharge (can be mucopurulent)

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16
Q

How could you identify chlamydia felis?

A

PCR

Koster’s stain

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17
Q

Outline the reproductive cycle of chlamydia

A

Infection with EB
Reticulate body formation, multiplication and maturation
Elementary body release

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18
Q

What is the difference between elementary and reticulate bodies?

A

EB - infecting particles, metabolically inactive

RB - metabolically active, multiply in cells

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19
Q

Describe Bordatella bronchiseptica

A

Strict aerobes,
Small gram negative rods

Coccobacillus shape

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20
Q

What is Bordatella bronchiseptica associated with in pigs?

A

Atrophic rhinitis

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21
Q

Where is B. Bronchiseptica normally found in dogs?

A

URT (Commensal)

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22
Q

What needs to happen before Bbronchiseptica can cause tracheobronchitis or bronchopneumonia in dogs?

A

Viral infection (e.g. distemper), stress, immunosuppressive drugs

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23
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of B.bronchiseptica

A

Initial trauma
Adherence to respiratory epithelium of trachea
Proliferation
Release of toxins -> irritation and coughing
Epithelial necrosis
Peribronchial inflammation and bronchopneumonia
SECONDARY infection - e.g. beta haemolytic strep

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24
Q

What antimicrobial therapy would you recommend for mild pneumonia?

A

Doxycycline

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25
What antimicrobial therapy would you recommend for severe pneumonia or pyothorax?
Fluroquinolone AND Penicillin or Clindamycin
26
Describe pasteurella multocida
Gram negative rod Oral commensal SMELLS LIKE MICE
27
In which part of the respiratory tract does P.multocida typically cause disease?
LRT
28
What respiratory pathology is P.Multocida associated with?
SUPPURATIVE pneumonia + pleuritis
29
What gross clues are present in lungs that the cause of the pneumonia is bacteria?
Hyperaemic rim - increased arterial blood flow delivering inflammatory cells
30
What causes ‘snuffles’ in rabbits?
PASTEURELLA MULTICIDA
31
What clinical signs are associated with snuffles?
Chronic nasal discharge and sneezing Sinisitis/rhinitis Respiratory disease Sometimes head tilt due to otitis media Lungs - Pulmonary abscesses
32
Where does P.multocida colonise in rabbits?
Resp tract Middle ear Genitalia Occasionally lungs URT or LRT
33
Describe actinomyces sp.
Gram positive Aerobe Branching filaments Responsive to penicillin
34
Where is actinomyces found normally?
Oral cavity
35
How can actinomyces cause lower respiratory disease?
Pyogranulomatous lesions on the pleura (often w/ pyothorax) Respiratory distress main CS
36
Where are nocardia found?
Soil
37
Describe nocardia
Gram positive Branching filaments ACID - FAST RESISTANT TO PENICILLIN
38
Why are nocardia sp. resistant to penicillin? What antimicrobial is indicated?
Lipids (mycolic acids) in cell wall mean that penicillin can’t penetrate TMP sulphonamides
39
How can you differentiate actinomyces and nocardia?
Atmospheric requirement for culture (A- aerobic, N - 10% CO2) Nocardia - ZN, dextrose agar Actinomyces - susceptible to pen
40
What is seen with nocardiosis/ actinomycosis?
Red-brown exudate in pleural cavity SULPHUR GRANULES May become chronic with adhesion formation
41
What are sulphur granules?
Colonies of bacteria surrounded by host protein (Ig and complement)
42
What causes canine aspergillosis?
Aspergillus fumigatus
43
When does aspergillosis occur?
In immunocompromised individuals
44
What are the two types of aspergillosis in dogs?
Systemic aspergillosis | Nasal aspergillosis
45
What is systemic aspergillosis?
Clinical signs depend on location — can be in bones - lameness BAD PROGNOSIS
46
What is nasal aspergillosis?
Invasive sinusitis with persistent and profuse sanguino-purulent nasal discharge (usually unilateral)
47
How is nasal aspergillosis treated?
Tubes inserted into sinus and antifungal infused
48
Describe a colony of A.fumigatus
Blue colony with colourless periphery
49
What breeds are predisposed to nasal aspergillosis?
Long nosed breeds - GSDs | Immunocompromised animals
50
Describe the pathology of nasal aspergillosis
Nasal turbinates progressively destroyed by chronic granulomatous (and eosinophilic) inflammation Yellow/green mycotic exudate in caudal nasal cavity
51
What viruses cause respiratory disease in cattle and sheep?
Bovine herpesvirus Respiratory syncytial virus Bovine parainfluenza virus
52
What bacteria cause respiratory disease in cattle and sheep?
``` Mannheimia haemplytica Pasteurella multocida Histophilus somni Mycobacterium spp. Mycoplasma Spp ```
53
What bacteria are associated with Bovine Respiratory disease?
Mannheimia Pasteurella Histophilus (+some mycoplasma)
54
What is shipping fever?
Bovine Respiratory disease complex (BRDC) - viruses - PI3 BVSV IBR - Bacteria - Mycoplasma, pasteurella, mannheimia
55
How does PI3 result in BRDC?
Less pathogenic but damages the cilia to allow bacteria to colonise and cause disease
56
What area of the respiratory tract is targeted by BHV and BVSV?
URT
57
What clinical signs are associated with IBR?
Red nose - loss of epithelium over the nose and ulcerated nasal plenum Trachea filled worth fibrinonecrotising diphtheria material - can cause asphyxiation
58
Compare M haemolytica and P multocida in terms of cell and colony morphology
BOTH coccobacilli M - grey colonies P- whiter mucoid colonies
59
How could you determine if histophilus is present?
Isolate from lung tissues - not distinctive clinical signs - pneumonia
60
What follows respiratory infection in histophilus infections?
Septicaemia Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME0 - HYPERACUTE CALF DEATH
61
What antibiotic therapy is indicated for BRD?
Oxytetracycline Ampicillin Florfenicol Macrolides
62
What is seen on the surface of the lungs in Mannheimia and pasteurella pneumonia?
Fibrin | From leaky vessels
63
Describe pneumonic pasteurellosis
Bronchopneumonia fibrinous to necrotising Pleuritis frequent Meningitis sometimes with poly arthritis in 2-4 month old housed calves Sporadic peracute fatal mastitis in cows - transferred by suckling calves
64
Describe mycobacteria
``` Aerobic Non-motile Gram positive (with mycolic acid) Acid fast Bacilli ```
65
Describe the pathology of bovine TB
Granulomatous pneumonia and lymphadenitis Nodules have characteristic caseating cut surface -multifocal white lesions through lung
66
What are the smallest living bacteria?
Mycoplasma
67
Describe mycoplasma
Small NO CELL WALL Poor survival outside host
68
What disease complexes are mycoplasma involved in?
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex
69
What can mycoplasma bovis cause in cows?
Arthritis Mastitis Pneumonia (alone or with other BRDC pathogens)
70
What pneumonia can mycoplasma cause in calves?
Cuffing pneumonia Progressive cranioventral consolidation Exudate in the main airways Look similar to mycobacteria BUT tend to involve more neutrophils
71
Describe the microscopic features of cuffing pneumonia
Lymphoid nodules and follicles around airways Follicles may compress bronchial lumen Cellular exudate in lumen Slight thickening of alveolar walls with lymphocytes Partial alveolar collapse
72
What is the important goat mycoplasma?
M capricolum | - contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
73
What are the key respiratory viruses of sheep? Are there vaccines available?
PI3 RSV Adenovirus (ovine and bovine) NOT IN SHEEP
74
What bacteria cause respiratory disease in horses?
Strep equi equi Rhodococcus Mycoplasma sp
75
What viruses cause resp disease in horses?
Equine influenza Equine herpes 1+4
76
Describe strep equi What is its lancefield group?
G+ cocci beta haemolytic C
77
What are the subspecies of strep equi? Which is associated with strangles? Which is contagious?
equi
78
What is S.equi subsp zooepidemicus associated with?
Mastitis, URT+LRT infections navel infections
79
what antimicrobial are all veterinary streptococci susceptible to?
Penicillin
80
How can you gain a sample for suspected S. equi equi?
Nasal swab
81
Describe the pathology of strangles
Suppurative lymphadenitis - LNs can rupture out onto the surface PUS VERY INFECTIOUS Guttural pouch empyaema
82
Describe Rhodococcus equi
Aerobic non-motile Gram positive rods
83
Where is rhodococcus found? How is it transmitted?
Soil Inhalation of contaminated dust
84
What does rhodococcus cause?
Suppurative bronchopneumonia in foals (1-4 months)
85
How can you treat a rhodococcus infection in foals?
Erythromycin with rifampicin
86
What equine influenza subtypes infect the URT?
H7N7 | H3N8
87
What secondary infections tend to arise from EIV infection?
Strep, Staph, Klebsiella
88
What causes guttural pouch mycosis in horses?
Aspergillus nidulans
89
What are the clinical signs associated with equine guttural pouch mycosis?
Severe bleeding from the nose | Dysphagia
90
What bacteria are associated with enzootic pneumonia in pigs?
Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae Bbronchiseptica -Multocida Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
91
What is DNT?
Dermonecrotic toxin
92
Describe actinobacillus pleuroneumoniae
Aerobic Gram negative Rod
93
What is Glasser’s disease?
Haemophilus parasuis Suppurative bronchopneumonia Polyserositis
94
What causes contagious pleuropneumpnia in pigs?
ACTINOBACILLUS

BVetMed3 - Respiratory (5 decks)

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