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BVetMed3 - Respiratory > General Pathology Of The Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

General Pathology Of The Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of atelectasis?

A

Primary and Secondary

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2
Q

What is primary atelectasis?

A

Failure of the lung tissue to expand at birth

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3
Q

What is secondary atelectasis?

A

Collapse of lung tissue which was previously expanded

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4
Q

What is emphysema ?

A

Excessive air within the lungs

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5
Q

What is a sign of sever emphysema?

A

Lungs fail to deflate and their are imprints of the ribs on the pleural surfaces

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6
Q

What are the types of primary atelectasis?

A

Total - all dark red

Partial - some salmon pink bits = inflated

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7
Q

When might you see partial primary atelectasis?

A

If the neonate has taken a few breaths then died ~10 mins after birth

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8
Q

What does atelectasis look like on histology?

A

Dense lung tissue - no air spaces

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9
Q

What can cause secondary atelectasis?

A

Compression

Obstruction

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10
Q

What compressive conditions can cause atelectasis?

A

Haemothorax
Hydrothorax
Pneumothorax

Neoplasm
Abscess etc.

Prolonged recumbency
Prolonged abdominal distension in Large animals — BLOAT

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11
Q

What obstructive conditions can cause atelectasis?

A

Foreign Body
Neoplasm
Thick secretions

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12
Q

How does obstruction cause atelectasis?

A

Air diffuses out across the alveolar wall but is not replaced

Wall collapses

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13
Q

What neoplastic condition could cause atelectasis?

A

Mediastinal lymphoma

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14
Q

Why is atelectasis secondary to obstruction less common in small animals?

A

Better collateral air supply

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15
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Excessive air in the lungs

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16
Q

What are the types of emphysema?

A

Alveolar
Interstitial
Compensatory

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17
Q

What is alveolar emphysema?

What is it typically caused by?

A

Permanent abnormal enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles

Anything that causes inflammation and neutrophils
NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE
(RAO/severe equine asthma)

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18
Q

What is interstitial emphysema?

A

Septal lymphatic dilated with air secondary to FORCED EXPIRATION

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19
Q

Give an example of a condition that causes interstitial emphysema

A

Pneumonia in cattle

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20
Q

What can cause compensatory emphysema?

A

Areas of consolidation/partial atelectasis

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21
Q

What is severe equine asthma usually caused by?

A

Allergies to fungal spores in hay

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22
Q

What are the main types of pigmentation seen in the lungs?

A

Melanosis - melanin in alveolar walls

Anthracosis - carbon in alveolar macrophages

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23
Q

Describe the gross difference between melanosis and anthracosis

A

Melanosis - ‘splodges’

Anthracosis - ‘ sprinkled pepper’

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24
Q

What is the difference between hyperaemia and congestion

A

Hyperaemia - erythema - increased arterial blood IN
= exercise, inflammation

Congestion - cyanosis - decreased venous blood OUT
= hypoxia - local obstruction, congestive heart failure

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25
Q

What is cranioventral hyperaemia associated with?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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26
Q

What post mortem change is associated with dependent congestion of the lungs?

A

Hypostatic congestion (livor mortis)

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27
Q

Describe the possible distributions of hyperaemia

A

Localised or diffuse

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28
Q

What would diffuse congestion of the lungs indicate?

A

Cardiac failure

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29
Q

When would you expect to see terminal pulmonary congestion?

A

Animals euthanised with barbituates

30
Q

How does pulmonary oedema compromise ventilation?

A

Alveoli flooded by fluid

Mixes with surfactant to form foam

31
Q

What physiological features resist pulmonary oedema?

A

Tight junctions between alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium

Intra-alveolar pressure greater than interstitial pressure

Lymphatic drainage

32
Q

What can cause pulmonary oedema?

A

Cardiogenic - LCHF
Neurogenic - sympathetic stimulation as a result of acute brain damage

Excessive IVFT
Damage to endothelium or epithelium
- toxic substances - smoke, paraquat (banned UK), 3-methyl indole, endotoxins
- acute inflammation

33
Q

What does oedema fluid look like on histology?

A

Pale pink when stained with H&E

34
Q

What is the triad of thrombosis?

A

Endothelial injury
Hypercoagulability
Abnormal blood flow

35
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Obstruction of vessels by coagulated blood components during life

36
Q

Define embolism

A

Detachment of thrombi (or bacteria, tumours etc) which become lodged in small vessels

37
Q

What is infarction

A

Death of tissue due to an interruption in its blood supply

38
Q

What can cause jugular thrombosis

A

Iatrogenic - post catheterisation

39
Q

What causes bovine malignant catarrhal fever?

A

Herpesvirus

40
Q

How can you describe a pneumonia ?

A

Based on:

  • distribution of changes in lungs
  • type of inflammatory response
41
Q

What are the main types of pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia - fibrinous or suppurative

Interstitial pneumonia

Embolic pneumonia

Granulomatous pneumonia

42
Q

how does an animal get bronchopneumonia?

A

Bacterial infection via airway

43
Q

how does interstitial pneumonia occur?

A

Haematogenous infection - viruses or toxins

44
Q

How does embolic pneumonia occur?

A

Through the blood - thrombi or bacterial emboli

45
Q

How would an animal get granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Fungal or mycobacterium

46
Q

Describe the typical distribution of bronchopneumonia

A

Cranioventral

47
Q

How could bronchopneumonia deteriorate?

A

Abscessation
Pleuritis - with adhesions
DEATH - hypoxia and toxaemia

48
Q

What would occur if bronchopneumonia persists?

A

BRONCHIECTASIS + fibrosis

49
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent dilation of some bronchi due to irreversible damage to bronchial wall

50
Q

What animals is bronchiectasis seen in as a consequence of chronic bronchitis or bronchopneumonia?

A

COWS (sheep, goats, pigs)

51
Q

What is the common appearance of bronchopneumonia in cats and dogs?

Why?

A

LOBAR

Lack complete lobulation and septation

Can therefore easily spread throughout whole lobe

52
Q

What causes a lobar pneumonia?

A

Highly toxic bacteria e.g. Pasteurella

Aspiration

53
Q

What can cause bronchi-interstitial pneumonia?

A

Inhaled mycoplasma and some virus’s

54
Q

Describe the histology of broncho-interstitial pneumonia

A

Cuffing of airways by lymphocytes

Interstitial lymphocytic proliferation

55
Q

What is the importance of bronchi-interstitial pneumonia?

A

economic - reduced growth rates, predisposition to secondary infection

56
Q

Describe the histological appearance of interstitial pneumonia

A

Inflammatory cells in interstitium

DIFFUSE distribution

57
Q

What can cause an acute interstitial pneumonia?

A 
Infections e.g. DISTEMPER 
Inhaled chemicals e.g. smoke 
Ingested toxins e.g. paraquat or tryptophan 
Systemic conditions e.g. uraemia 
Hypersensitivity reactions e.g. lungworm
58
Q

What can cause chronic interstitial pneumonia?

A

Infections - Jaagsietke (retrovirus) in sheep
Inhaled dust - coal dust or silica
Hypersensitivity reactions - farmer’s lung

59
Q

What is fog fever?

What is the causative agent?

A

Acute bovine pulmonary oedema and emphysema

TRYPTOPHAN

60
Q

When is fog fever seen

A

When adult cattle moved to lush pasture in autumn

61
Q

What is the pathogenesis of fog fever?

A

Excess tryptophan in autumn grass is metabolised in the rumen to 3-methyl idole

Toxic to type 1 pneumocytes

62
Q

What can you get embolic pneumonia secondary to?

A

Endocarditis
Hepatic abscessation
Phlebitis

63
Q

What is embolic pneumonia?

A

Pulmonary abscesses resulting from septic emboli in pulmonary vessels

64
Q

How could you tell if mycobacteria were present in a sample?

A

Stain: Z-N

Acid fast will stain red

65
Q

How could you stain for fungi?

A

PAS or silver stains

66
Q

What is the predominant cell type in granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Neutrophils

67
Q

What are polyps?

A

Hyperplastic tissue
Often pedunculated

Secondary to chronic inflammation e.g. in cats post cat flu - feline calicivirus

68
Q

What are most common tumours which metastasise to the kings?

A

Mammary tumours
Thyroid carcinoma
Haemangiosarcomas
Osteosarcoma

69
Q

What primary tumour tends to occur in the lungs?

A

Invasive carcinomas

Occur in hilar region before spreading within the lung

70
Q

What are the malignant tumours which occur in the nasal and paranasal sinuses?

A

Carcinomas or sarcomas

BVetMed3 - Respiratory (5 decks)

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