Pathogenesis of Infection L4

Question 1

Saprophytes live on

Answer 1

Dead or decaying organic matter

Question 2

Parasites are free living microorganisms
(T/F)

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Where are saprophytes found?

Answer 3

They are found in soil and water

Question 4

Which kind of microorganisms are of little relevance in infectious disease

Answer 4

Saprophytes

Question 5

Microbes that can establish themselves and multiply in the hosts are

Answer 5

Parasites

Question 6

Parasites may be either …… or ……

Answer 6

pathogens or commensal

Question 7

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease is called

Answer 7

pathogenicity

Question 8

Pathogens are divided in two types

Answer 8

True/primary
Opportunists

Question 9

Capable of producing disease in previously healthy individuals with intact immunological defenses

Answer 9

True/Primary Pathogens

Question 10

These bacteria are able to cause disease only when such defenses are impaired or compromised

Answer 10

Opportunist Pathogens

Question 11

In which the typical or characteristic clinical
manifestations of the particular infectious disease are not present

Answer 11

Atypical infection

Question 12

The organism remains in the tissues in a hidden form proliferate and produce clinical disease when the host resistance is lowered

Answer 12

Latent infection

Question 13

Bacteria circulate and multiply in the blood, form toxic products and cause high fever

Answer 13

Septicemia

Question 14

A condition where pyogenic bacteria produce septicemia with multiple abscesses in internal organs such as the
spleen, liver and kidney

Answer 14

Pyemia

Question 15

Types of carriers?

Answer 15

Convalescent
Healty
Incubatory
Temporary
Chronic

Question 16

A healthy carrier is an individual who harbors the pathogen but is not ill

Answer 16

Healthy carrier

Question 17

An individual who is incubating the pathogen in large numbers but is not yet ill

Answer 17

Incubatory carrier

Question 18

An individual who has recovered from the infectious disease but continues to harbor large numbers of pathogen

Answer 18

Convalescent carrier

Question 19

Reservoir of infections

Answer 19

Human (case/carrier)
Animal
Insects
Soil and water
Food

Question 20

Modes of Transmission of Infection

Answer 20

Contact (direct/Indirect)
Inhalation/Droplets/Respiratory
Ingestion
Inoculation
Insects
Congenital
Iatrogenic and Laboratory Infections

Question 21

This term is often used to describe or compare species

Answer 21

Pathogenicity

Question 22

The degree of pathogenicity in a microorganism

Answer 22

Virulence

Question 23

This term is often used to describe or compare strains within a species

Answer 23

Virulence

Question 24

Name at least 7 Determinants of Virulence

Answer 24

1. Transmissibility
2. Adhesion
3. Invasiveness
4. Toxigenicity
5. Avoidance of Host Defence Mechanisms
6. Enzymes
7. Plasmids
8. Bacteriophages
9. Communicability
10. Infecting Dose
11. Route of Infection

Question 25

Enzymes/Communicability/Adhesion/Invasiveness are all

Answer 25

Determinants of Virulence

Question 26

Transmissibility/Toxigenicity/Infecting Dose/Route of Infection are all

Answer 26

Determinants of Virulence

Question 27

The attachment of the bacteria to body surfaces by

Answer 27

Adhesion

Question 28

Adhesion happen by

Answer 28

Structures such as fimbriae or fibrillae and pilli Surface proteins

Question 29

Examples for surface proteins

Answer 29

Protein A (Staphylococcus aureus) Protein M (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Question 30

May be produced by either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria

Answer 30

Extotoxins

Question 31

Does not necessarily require the presence of the bacteria in the host

Answer 31

Extotoxins

Question 32

Most exotoxins or endotoxins are peptide or protein

Answer 32

Exotoxins

Question 33

Most are heat sensitive

Answer 33

Exotoxins

Question 34

Classes of Exotoxins

Answer 34

Neurotoxic, cytotoxic, or enterotoxic

Question 35

Interfere with proper synaptic transmissions in neurons

Answer 35

Neurotoxins

Question 36

Inhibit specific cellular activities, such as protein synthesis

Answer 36

Cytotoxins

Question 37

Interfere with water reabsorption in the large intestine; irritate the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 37

Enterotoxins

Question 38

Produced only by gram-negative bacteria

Answer 38

Endotoxins

Question 39

Are a component of the gram-negative cell wall.

Answer 39

Endotoxins

Question 40

The action of ……… requires the presence of the bacteria in the host

Answer 40

Endotoxins

Question 41

is composed of Lipid A: Part of the lipopolysaccharide layer

Answer 41

Endotoxin

Question 42

Mode of action: Irritation/inflammation of epithelium, GI irritation, capillary/blood vessel inflammation, hemorrhaging

Answer 42

Endotoxin

Question 43

Generalized Stages of Infection

Answer 43

Entry of Pathogen Colonization Incubation Period Prodromal Symptoms Invasive period Decline of Infection Convalescence

Question 44

Colonization Usually occurs ?

Answer 44

at the site of entry

Question 45

Asymptomatic period

Answer 45

Incubation Period

Question 46

Between the initial contact with the microbe and the appearance of the first symptoms

Answer 46

Incubation Period

Question 47

Initial Symptoms occur in which stage of infection?

Answer 47

Prodromal Symptoms

Question 48

Increasing Severity of Symptoms Fever Inflammation and Swelling Tissue damage Infection may spread to other sites

Answer 48

Invasive period

Question 49

A communicable disease that is easily spread from one individual to another.

Answer 49

Contagious Disease

Question 50

The disease which is constantly present in a particular area, e.g. typhoid fever is endemic in most parts of India.

Answer 50

Endemic

Question 51

The disease that spreads rapidly, involving many persons in a particular area at the same time

Answer 51

Epidemic Disease

Question 52

It is an epidemic that spreads through many areas of the world involving very large number of persons within a short period

Answer 52

Pandemic disease