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Parasitology > Pathogenesis of Parasitic Diseases > Flashcards

Pathogenesis of Parasitic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Do all parasite infections result in disease?

A

no they can be subclinical

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2
Q

define subclinical infections

A

lack signs/symptoms

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3
Q

what does the likelihood and severity of parasitic disease depend on?

A

-status of host defenses
-number of parasites present
-parasite pathogenicity

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4
Q

What are mixed infections?

A

infections from multiple parasites at the same time

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5
Q

what effect do mixed infections have on the host?

A

additive pathogenic effects

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6
Q

what is this an example?

A

mixed infection

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7
Q

what might pathology result from in a parasite infection?

A

-damage to &/or loss of host cells, tissues, and organs
-alteration of host cellular growth patterns
-interference with host nutrition
-toxins released by the parasites
-host immune response to infection/infestation

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8
Q

How can parasites cause damage to &/or loss of host cells, tissues, and organs?

A

-destruction/loss due to migrating, developing, feeding, or reproducing stages
-obstruction of hollow structures by worms
-compression or distension of structure by larval or adult worms

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9
Q

How can parasites cause alteration of host cellular growth patterns?

A

cellular hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
neoplasia

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10
Q

define cellular hypertrophy

A

an increase in cell size without an increase in cell number

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11
Q

define hyperplasia

A

increased cell production in a normal tissue or organ -> enlargement

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12
Q

define metaplasia

A

cells replaced with cells of another type

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13
Q

define neoplasia

A

uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body -> development of a tumor

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14
Q

what is a parasite that causes cellular hypertrophy? (name and location of condition)

A

cardiomyocytes and Trypanosma cruzi

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15
Q

what is a parasite that causes hyperplasia? (name and location of condition)

A

abomasal mucous neck cells and Ostertagia ostertagi

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16
Q

what is a parasite that causes metaplasia? (name and location of condition)

A

skeletal muscle fibers & Trichinella spiralis

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17
Q

what is a parasite that causes neoplasia? (name and location of condition)

A

esophageal sarcoma (dogs) & Spirocera lupi

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18
Q

what type of parasites causes hyperplasia, metaplasia, and neoplasia?

A

nematodes

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19
Q

How can parasites cause interference with host nutrition?

A

-diversion of nutrients to parasite
-malabsorption of nutrients

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20
Q

what is a parasite that diverts nutrients to itself? (Action and name)

A

ingestion of chyme - Ascaris suum
absorption of vitamins - Dubthricephalus latus & V B12

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21
Q

what is a parasite that causes malabsorption of nutrients? (name)

A

Giardia

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22
Q

what is a toxin that is produced by plasmodium (malarium)? what is it?

A

Hemozoin - crystallized dimers of heme

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23
Q

what does Hemozoin do to the host?

A

impairs phagocytic function

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24
Q

How is Hemozoin created within the host?

A

Plasmodium parasites absorb/digest hemoglobin and produce Hemozoin as a result

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25
Q

How does hemozoin impair phagocytic function?

A

macrophages and other phagocytes ingest hemozoin and become impaired

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26
Q

what are the types of cells that hemozoin infects?

A

phagocytes and RBCS

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27
Q

How can parasites cause host immune response to the infection/infestation that results in pathology?

A

-parasite-induced immunopathology
-flea allergy dermatitis

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28
Q

what is parasite-induced immunopathology?

A

damage that occurs as a result of an inappropriate immune response to infection or infestation

29
Q

what is flea allergy dermatitis?

A

hypersensitivity to allergens in flea saliva

30
Q

what type is hypersensitivity is flea allergy dermatitis?

A

types I, IV, cutaneous basophil

31
Q

what is an example of a parasite that causes behavioral changes that facilitate transmission of parasites?

A

Taenia multiceps - tapeworm

32
Q

How does Taenia multiceps cause behavioral changes that facilitate transmission of parasites?

A

Coenurus (larval stage) reside in the brain of the sheep -> gid (ataxia, circling, etc) -> easy prey for canids (facilitating transmission)

33
Q

what are the two reasons for behavioral changes from parasites?

A

-facilitate transmission
-mere side effects of infection

34
Q

what is an example of a parasite that causes behavioral changes that are a mere side effect of infection?

A

Oestrus ovis - sheep nasal botfly

35
Q

How do Oestrus ovis cause behavioral changes?

A

larvae infect nasal/paranasal sinuses of sheep -> rarely migrate into brain -> false gid -> easy prey, but larval botflies die

36
Q

Define virulence factors

A

factors that confer pathogenicity

37
Q

what are examples of parasitic protozoa and their virulence factors?

A

Plasmodium spp. - hemozoin
Leishmania spp. - proteases
Toxoplasma gondii - kinase

38
Q

How are proteases in Leishmania spp. a virulence factor?

A

tissues invasion -> survival in microphages -> immune modulation by parasite

39
Q

How are kinases in Toxoplasma gondii a virulence factor?

A

disrupt host cell signaling, immunomodulation by parasite

40
Q

what are examples of metazoan parasite and their virulence factors?

A
  • nematodes, tapeworms, trematodes, ticks, mosquitoes, other ectoparasites -> proteases
  • blood-feeding helminths & ectoparasites -> anticoagulants
    -helminths -> excretory/secretory products
41
Q

How are proteases a virulence factor in metazoan parasites?

A

-nematodes, tapeworms, trematodes -> tissue invasion; immune modulation
- ticks, mosquitoes, other ectoparasites -> diminish pain at bite wound

42
Q

what are some of the excretory/secretory products of helminths?

A

proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, glycans, glycolipids, eicosanoids, etc.

43
Q

How are excretory/secretory products of helminths a virulence factor?

A

function in immune modulation by parasite

44
Q

what affects the likelihood and extent of parasitic diease?

A

host factors

45
Q

What are some host factors affecting the likelihood & extent of parasitic disease?

A

age, sex/reproductive condition, nutritional state, immunological competency, genotype

46
Q

what age of hosts are the most at risk for parasitic diseases?

A

young and geriatric hosts

47
Q

what sex generally carries more parasites?

A

males

48
Q

who is more susceptible to parasitic disease - pregnant, postpartum, & lactating females or non-reproductive females?

A

pregnant, postpartum, & lactating females

49
Q

How does nutritional state affect the likelihood and extent of parasitic disease?

A

malnourishment -> decreased resistance & resilience

50
Q

how does having prior exposure to a parasite affect the likelihood and extent of parasitic disease?

A

prior exposure -> partial immunity ->reduced number, migration, development, and reproduction of parasites

51
Q

Define premunition

A

partial immunity do to chronic, low-level infection; protects host against superinfection and more severe pathology

52
Q

define superinfection

A

Infectious process in which a second infection develops additionally

53
Q

what are the factors that contribute to immunological competency?

A

-immunodeficient vs immunocompetent hosts
-prior exposure
-immunization statue

54
Q

How does genotype effect the extent of parasitic disease?

A

a host’s resistance to infection has a genetic component

55
Q

what are the factors that influence pathogenic potential of a parasite?

A

-predilection site
-migratory pathway
-sites of parasite development
-feeding habits
-immunopathology
-transmission of other infectious agents

56
Q

what does Ostertagia ostertagi cause?

A

chronic abomastitis in young cattle

57
Q

what is the predilection site of Ostertagia ostertagi?

A

abomasum

58
Q

what is the migratory pathway of Ostertagia ostertagi?

A

local (w/in abomasum)

59
Q

what is the site of parasite development of Ostertagia ostertagi?

A

gastric glands of abomasum

60
Q

what are the feeding habits of Ostertagia ostertagi?

A

adults feed on abosmasal contents and epithelial tissues

61
Q

what is the immunopathology of Ostertagia ostertagi?

A

inflammation induced by larvae & adults

62
Q

what is the transmission of other infectious agents for Ostertagia ostertagi?

A

none

63
Q

what phase of Ostertagia ostertagi grows in the parietal and chief cells?

A

larva

64
Q

what does Ostertagia ostertagi do to the parietal and chief cells in the abomasum?

A

erodes parietal & chief cells -> inc pH, dec pepsin

65
Q

what do emerging adults of Ostertagia ostertagi do to the abomasum?

A

further damage epithelium

66
Q

what are the consequences of emerging adults of Ostertagia ostertagi in the abomasum?

A

loss of serum proteins, diarrhea

67
Q

what are the consequences of larva of Ostertagia ostertagi in the abomasum?

A

consequences: impaired protein digestion, bacterial overgrowth, diarrhea

68
Q

what does the inflammation of Ostertagia ostertagi result in?

A

-further loss of parietal & chief cells
-mucous neck cell hyperplasia
-parietal & chief cells replaced by mucous neck cells (metaplasia)
-inc vascular permeability -> epithelium becoming leaky -> loss of serum proteins, diarrhea

Parasitology (17 decks)

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