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BVetMed - Additional content > Pathogenesis/Pathology of Mastitis > Flashcards

Pathogenesis/Pathology of Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

Which pathogen can cause disease in the non-lactating cow or immatrure glands?

A

Trueperella Pyogenes

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2
Q

What 3 routes of entry into the mammary gland are possible?

A
  • galactogenic (most common) via teat canal
  • haematogenous eg TB, brucellosis
  • percutaneous due to wounds
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3
Q

Should normal milk be sterile? How does the udder resist infection?

A

Yes
- teat sm mm sphincter secretes bacteriocidal fatty acids, desquamates, desiccates
-Furstenburgs Rosette - fatty acids and cationic proteins, subepithelial plasma cells produce IG
- fulshing action of milk
- lactoferrin (Fe binding, more effective in non-lactating gland)
- lysozymes, complement, cytokines
- neutrophils, macrophages, NKCs (ineffective in milk cf. blood)
- IgG, IgM and IgA
> mostly aimed at preventing infection - if pathogens injected into cisterm WILL CAUSE MASTITIS

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4
Q

What are the 3 clinical presentations of mastitis?

A
  1. peracute potentially life threatening (particularly around parturition)
  2. acute (±systemic signs) may progress to chronic
  3. sublicincal chronic - progressive loss of secretroty ability
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5
Q

WHat may peracutue mastitis also be known as?

A
  • Toxic with coliforms

- Gangrenous esp. S. aureus

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6
Q

How does peracute mastitis present grossly?

A
  • swollen, painful
  • rapid progrssion to moist gangrene
  • darkblue/black, oozing serum
  • cold
  • dark haemorrhagic lobules on cut surface
  • ventral oedema
  • comatose due to toxaemia possible
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7
Q

How may acute mastitis appear microscopically?

A
  • initially extensive oedema with neutrophilic infiltration of both interstitiium and glandular acini
  • vacuolation and desquamation of acinar and ductal epithelium
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8
Q

How may chronic mastitis appear microscopically?

A
  • fibrosis with obliteration of acini
  • obstrustion of ducts by polyps
  • subsequent retention cysts anterior to blocked ducts
    > sequel
  • involution (temporary loss of secretory fucntion due to obstruction)
  • fibrosis (permentant loss of secretory tissue due to progressive destructive)
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9
Q

How prevalent is subclinical v clincial mastitis?

A

10 - 40 times

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10
Q

How can subclinical mastitis be identified?

A

no gross inflammation or changes in milk
- SCC only
< 200,000 cells/ml in whole udder = no infection (normal epithelial cells and inflam cells always present)

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11
Q

How may chronic subclinical mastitis be identified?

A

Gross - fibrosed and atrophied gland
- involution due to blockage of secretion and acinar stagnation
Microscopy - similar to chronic mastitis following acute
- permenant loss of secretory function

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12
Q

What may occour after an initial subclinical mastitis flare up?

A

further flare ups - ??botromycosis, s aureus, no effective ABx, granulomatous /? LOOK UP!

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13
Q

Should udder tissue be sterile?

A

Yes

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14
Q

At what stage in the udder does milk become colonised? By which bacteria?

A
  • Lactobacillus ap
  • Lactic strep
    > in the duct - normal, hamrless (protective) bacteria
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15
Q

WHat are the 5 main pathogens associated with mastitis?

A
  • Strep agalactiae
  • Strep dysgalactiae
  • Strep uberis
  • Staph aureus
  • E. Coli
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16
Q

What are coliforms

A

G- rods similar to E. Coli

17
Q

Which pathogens cause contagious mastitis?

A

Staph aureus, strep agalactiae (associated with mammary gland)
- although s. aureus lives in nasal passages so may get onto bedding -> environmental?

18
Q

Which pathogens cause environmental mastitis?

A

E. COli
Strep uberis
(although still come from GIT of animals so dont truely come from environment)

19
Q

What is another term for dry cow mastitis and which pathogens are associated with this? How is it spread?

A 
summer mastitis 
- strep dysgalactiae 
- arcanobacterium pyogenes
- G+ coccus 
> spread by flies
20
Q

Which pathogen is spread heamatogenously? How severe is the disease this pathogen causes?

A

Mycoplasma bovis

- milk disease

21
Q

Give egs. of pathogens causing subclinical infection and ^ SCC

A

CNS (coag - staph) and G+ corynebacterium bovis

22
Q

What are the most common pathogens seen in mastitis of EWES

A

Mainheimia haemolytica, S. Aureus, E. Coli, Strep

23
Q

Which pathogen may colonise when ABx are used to treat mastitis?

A

Pseudomonas - massive levels of resistence mean may colonise when other species are wiped out

24
Q

What is the natural habitat of the 5 main mastitis pathogens?

A
  1. Staph aureus: Skin and MMs, entry via teat canal
  2. Strep agalactiae: Teat canal of udder
  3. Strep dysgalactiae: Outside udder teat - requires wound to initiate infection
  4. Strep uberis: GIT/feaces - environment
  5. E Coli: GIT/feaces - environment ^ importance due to resistance

BVetMed - Additional content (20 decks)

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