Pathogenic Factors

Question 1

Resident microbiota _ colonize the host (after birth)

Answer 1

permanently

Question 2

Transient microbiota _ colonize the host (dependent on the environment)

Answer 2

temporarily

Question 3

When would normal flora cause us harm?

Answer 3

If it moves from where it is supposed to be to another part of the body

Question 4

T/F; normal flora will look the same on an abled bodied person and a disabled person

Answer 4

False

Question 5

What is microbial antagonism?

Answer 5

Normal flora preventing the growth of pathogenic microbes

Question 6

T/F: normal flora competes for nutrients with a pathogen

Answer 6

True

Question 7

T/F: when normal flora is exposed to a pathogen it will be unable to fight it off

Answer 7

False; they produce substances that are harmful to the pathogen

Question 8

_ produce bacteriocins

Answer 8

E. coli

Question 9

_ are proteins that inhibit the growth of closely related species of bacteria such as salmonella and shigella

Answer 9

bacteriocins

Question 10

When would dormant spores wake up?

Answer 10

When normal flora is destroyed because it no longer needs to compete for nutrients

Question 11

_ is a pathogen that causes a range of GI symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe, or even fatal colitis

Answer 11

C. diff

Question 12

Presence of normal flora in the large intestine inhibits the growth of _

Answer 12

C. diff

Question 13

What are the 5 steps of a pathogen causing disease?

Answer 13

1. contact/exposure
2. adherence
3. evasion of host defenses and penetration
4. damage of host cell
5. transmission

Question 14

Adherence is accomplished by cell surface molecules located on the pathogen called “” binding specifically to surface “” located on the cells of the host tissues

Answer 14

adhesins ; receptor

Question 15

What are 3 different ways a pathogen can adhere to a host?

Answer 15

1. bacterial structures (fimbriae, pili, flagella)
2. adherence proteins (M protein, opa protein)
3. glycocalyx (capsule, slime layer)

Question 16

Adhesins are present on the _ and _ of many pathogenic bacteria

Answer 16

fimbriae and flagella

Question 17

T/F: the more types of adhesion proteins an organism has the more systems they can infect

Answer 17

True

Question 18

If the glycocalyx is well organized and firmly attached to cell wall, it is referred to as a _

Answer 18

capsule

Question 19

If the glycocalyx is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall, it is referred to as _

Answer 19

slime layer

Question 20

The slime layer facilitates the formation of _

Answer 20

biofilms

Question 21

_; colony of bacteria that adheres to surfaces (living and nonliving), embedded in an extracellular slime layer

Answer 21

biofilms

Question 22

T/F: biofilms are able to clog drains and corrode industrial pipes

Answer 22

True

Question 23

_ impairs phagocytosis, preventing phagocytic cell from adhering to the microbe, thereby increasing the virulence of the pathogen

Answer 23

capsule

Question 24

T/F: those without a capsule cause infection more quickly because it does not need to break through to infect the host

Answer 24

False; those without a capsule rarely cause infection because they are detected quickly by the immune system

Question 25

M proteins _ virulence by helping bacteria resist _ by WBC (e.g. streptococcus pyogenes)

Answer 25

increase ; phagocytosis

Question 26

_ present in the cell wall of Mycobacterium TB increases virulence by resisting digestion by phagocytosis

Answer 26

Mycolic acid

Question 27

_ clot protects the bacteria from phagocytosis, and isolates the microbe from other defenses of the host

Answer 27

fibrin

Question 28

Coagulase is produced by some _ spp.

Answer 28

staphylococci

Question 29

All staph species are gram _

Answer 29

positive

Question 30

_ degrades fibrin, and thus digest clots formed by the body to isolate the wound and clots created by the bacteria as protection from _

Answer 30

kinase ; phagocytosis

Question 31

Streptokinase is produced by _ pyogenes and staphylokinase is produced by _ aures

Answer 31

streptococcus ; staphylococcus

Question 32

Which enzyme is helpful to bacteria if they want to bust out of the clot or go deeper into the clot and tissue?

Answer 32

kinase

Question 33

_ and _ facilitate a microbe's ability to evade host defenses

Answer 33

coagulase and kinase

Question 34

The production of _ also facilitates a microbe's entry into host tissues

Answer 34

kinase

Question 35

_ _ bacteria are able to survive inside immune cells

Answer 35

facultative intracellular

Question 36

T/F: facultative intracellular bacteria are able to escape phagosome after fusing with host cell lysosomes

Answer 36

F ; they escape BEFORE fusing with host cell lysosome

Question 37

T/F: facultative intracellular bacteria prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion

Answer 37

True

Question 38

T/F: facultative intracellular bacteria are unable to reduce the effectiveness of toxic compounds within lysosome which is why they stay hidden

Answer 38

False; they reduce effectiveness of toxic compounds within lysosome

Question 39

T/F: facultative intracellular bacteria are able to produce cell walls resistant to lysosomal proteases

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Facultative intracellular bacteria is hidden in _ and able to hide from antibiotic therapies

Answer 40

phagocyte

Question 41

_ acid is what holds cells together

Answer 41

hyaluronic

Question 42

What is the job of Hyaluronidase?

Answer 42

Degrades hyaluronic acid allowing bacteria to penetrate deeper into the host tissues

Question 43

_ degrades collagen fibers at the base of superficial tissues and allows bacteria to move deeper into the host

Answer 43

collagenase

Question 44

_ and _ produce invasins that rearrange actin filaments in epithelial cells of the intestinal lumen

Answer 44

salmonella spp and e coli spp

Question 45

Disruption of the _ induces "membrane ruffling" of the host cell - bacteria sinks into the _ and is engulfed by the host cell, allowing the bacteria to sink into the _ cell

Answer 45

cytoskeleton ; ruffles ; epithelial

Question 46

For the bacteria that are not phagocytic, once inside the host, it becomes enclosed in a _ and induces an _ response

Answer 46

vesicle ; inflammatory

Question 47

Disease results if the microbe was able to evade _ and cause _ damage

Answer 47

host immune response ; host cell

Question 48

The pathogen needs to cause _ in order to take our nutrients (specifically iron)

Answer 48

damage

Question 49

_ is required for the growth of most pathogenic bacteria

Answer 49

Iron

Question 50

What strategy do microbes implore that bind to iron more tightly than host iron-transport and play "tug of war" for the iron?

Answer 50

Siderophores

Question 51

What are two other ways besides siderophores to obtain host nutrients?

Answer 51

- direct binding to host iron-binding proteins | - producing toxins

Question 52

T/F: bacterial toxins kill host cells, releasing the iron stores of the host; pathogen then acquires iron via receptor binding

Answer 52

True

Question 53

How does direct damage to tissues surrounding site of invasion occur?

Answer 53

As intracellular bacteria and viruses metabolize and multiply in host cells, the host cell typically ruptures to facilitate their release, destroying the host cell

Question 54

T/F: pathogen toxins inhibit protein synthesis, destroy blood cells and blood vessels, disrupt nervous system function

Answer 54

true

Question 55

{Exotoxins or Endotoxins?} Produced by gram -/+ bacteria and are produced and released by said bacteria as it is going about its daily life, directly damages host cell (cytotoxin)

Answer 55

Exotoxin

Question 56

Which type of toxin is produced by gram - bacteria only due to their Lipid A outer membrane

Answer 56

Endotoxin

Question 57

[Endo or Exotoxin] | Enzymatic proteins produced inside some living pathogenic bacteria as a normal part of growth and metabolism

Answer 57

Exotoxin

Question 58

_ are secreted into the surrounding environment, or released during cell lysis

Answer 58

Exotoxin

Question 59

[Exo or Endotoxin] Soluble in bodily fluids and rapidly transported throughout the host; highly toxic in nature, exposure can be fatal because it will become systemic

Answer 59

Exotoxin

Question 60

T/F: Most times the infection or problem we are seeing is not caused by the organism itself but from the toxin that has been released

Answer 60

True (food poisoning as an example)

Question 61

Which part of the AB toxin binds to the host cell receptor for the exotoxin to enter cell

Answer 61

Part B

Question 62

Which part of the AB toxin alters cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis?

Answer 62

A

Question 63

Which type of exotoxin induces cell lysis via formation of protein channels (ie: leukocidins, hemolysis) or disruption of phospholipid layer of cell membrane

Answer 63

membrane disrupting toxins

Question 64

_ provoke an intense immune response, associated with shock

Answer 64

superantigens

Question 65

Superantigens are not processed inside _, instead bind directly to _ class II proteins on _ surface

Answer 65

macrophage ; MHC ; macrophage

Question 66

_ exotoxin directly activate T cells -> results in excessive IL-2, TNF and TF production, these all lead to high risk of shock

Answer 66

superantigens

Question 67

_ released when gram - bacteria are killed (or multiply) - cell wall lysis, liberating the _

Answer 67

endotoxin for both

Question 68

Endotoxins stimulate macrophages to release high concentrations of _

Answer 68

IL-1

Question 69

T/F: due to mechanism of action, all endotoxins produce the same signs and symptoms regardless of the pathogen

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Why are the common symptoms of endotoxins chills, fever, weakness and generalized aches

Answer 70

Due to the release of IL-1

Question 71

Endotoxins increase production of _; activates extrinsic & intrinsic coagulation cascade

Answer 71

tissue factor (TF)

Question 72

What is the only exotoxin that can cause fever?

Answer 72

superantigens