Structure, Function, Reproduction, Classification

Question 1

Which microbial association is described by the host not being harmed or benefiting from the organism? (shelter and food)

Answer 1

commensalism

Question 2

Which microbial association is described as “obligatory and dependent” where both members benefit?

Answer 2

mutualism

Question 3

In which microbial association is the host harmed and the organism benefits?

Answer 3

parasitism

Question 4

An example of _ relationship is with bacteria that lives in our ears simply because it is warm and full of nutrients

Answer 4

commensalism

Question 5

Most relationships that we have with organisms is _

Answer 5

mutualistic

Question 6

Why are we hesitant when prescribing antibiotics?

Answer 6

Because of all the mutualistic relationships, we don’t like having to destroy those organisms that result from over prescription

Question 7

Which microbe is described by “prokaryotic, no nuclei, single celled organisms, live singly, in pairs, chains, clusters”?

Answer 7

bacteria

Question 8

Which microbe is described by “acellular, not visible by microscope, obligatory microbes composed of genetic material surrounded by protein coat”?

Answer 8

viruses

Question 9

Which microbe is described by, “eukaryotic, possess a nuclei and cell wall, organelles, obtain nutrients from other organisms”?

Answer 9

fungi

Question 10

Which microbe is described by “eukaryotic, single-celled organisms, possess a nuclei”?

Answer 10

protozoa (typically a parasite)

Question 11

Which microbe is described by, “eukaryotic, multicellular, possess a nuclei, visible with the naked eye”?

Answer 11

Helminths (typically a parasite)

Question 12

Why is is helpful that bacteria are prokaryotic?

Answer 12

because we are eukaryotic so Px medication does not harm the host

Question 13

Which infection is more serious, bacterial or viral?

Answer 13

bacterial (ex. bacterial meningitis)

Question 14

When developing drugs for fungi what part of the cell are we targetting?

Answer 14

the cell wall

Question 15

T/F: antifungal medications are associated with far more adverse effects than antibacterial medications because they are eukaryotic

Answer 15

True

Question 16

_ are what make certain bacteria are able to resist antibiotics

Answer 16

plasmids

Question 17

_ can be shared with other bacteria to convey how to resist antibiotics, therefore it is important to always take the full dose Rx to knock the bacteria out

Answer 17

plasmids

Question 18

“_” means pairs

Answer 18

step

Question 19

“_” means a cluster

Answer 19

staph

Question 20

An example of streptococci is _

Answer 20

strep throat

Question 21

T/F: shape of the colony, margin/edge, elevation, surface texture and pigmentation are all important to identification

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Polar- Vibrio spp. is an example of a bacteria with _ amount of flagella

Answer 22

Single (ONE)

Question 23

Polar- Spirillium spp. is an example of a bacteria with _ amount of flagella

Answer 23

double (TWO)

Question 24

Peritrichous- Escherichia coli spp. is an example of a bacteria with _ of flagella

Answer 24

a lot

Question 25

T/F: A bacteria with a flagella has a greater ability to make us sick as opposed to ones that do not

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What part of the bacteria facilitate the formation of biofilms?

Answer 26

Fimbriae

Question 27

_ act as adhesions, binding to specific host cells receptors - important role in adherence, a critical step in infection

Answer 27

Fimbriae

Question 28

_ - used to transfer DNA from one bacteria to another (facilitate the movement of plasmids)

Answer 28

conjugation pili

Question 29

_ is a protective substance surrounding come bacteria, normally made of polysaccharides, the presence/ absence can be used for classification

Answer 29

Glycocalyx

Question 30

_ is really good for holding onto inorganic material such as catheters and IV lines and are very hard to penetrate through with antibiotics

Answer 30

slime layer

Question 31

What is a slime layer?

Answer 31

It is sticky and loose - prevents dehydration, allows bacteria to bind to surfaces and form a protective layer encapsulating colonies of bacteria

Question 32

T/F: capsules are shared amongst bacteria to be able to survive antibiotics

Answer 32

False, capsules facilitate adherence and impairs phagocytosis

Question 33

T/F: capsulated bacteria is better at making us sick

Answer 33

True

Question 34

T/F: the leading cause of pneumonia in Canada is encapsulated streptococcus pneumonia

Answer 34

True

Question 35

_ are the defensive strategy against hostile or unfavorable environmental conditions (driven by nutrient supply)

Answer 35

Endospores

Question 36

T/F: Endospores are metabolically active - resistant to heat, cold, drying, chemicals and radiation

Answer 36

False, they are metabolically dormant

Question 37

The _ counters the effects of osmotic pressure when enters blood stream (for a bacterium)

Answer 37

cell wall

Question 38

Which bacterial infection is an exception and does not have a cell wall?

Answer 38

TB

Question 39

T/F: our immune systems are really good at recognizing the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall and targeting it

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Bacteria that retain primary colour dyes and become purple colour post-gram stain are gram _

Answer 40

positive

Question 41

Bacteria that are easily decolorized and take on a pink/red colour post-gram stain are gram _

Answer 41

negative

Question 42

Gram_ have thick, dense, relatively non-porous walls, while gram _ have thin cell walls surrounded by an outer membrane

Answer 42

- positive | - negative

Question 43

Which gram bacteria contain LPS (composed of Lipid A) in their cell wall?

Answer 43

Gram- negative

Question 44

_ is a potent endotoxin causing fever, vasodilation and inflammation - can induce shock and blood clot formation

Answer 44

LPS Lipid A

Question 45

What type of stain can be done if a mycobacterial infection is suspected?

Answer 45

Acid fast stain, this type of bacteria has a waxy material in their cell wall that retains the alcohol stain

Question 46

What is a clue that we need to conduct an acid fast stain because the patient may have a mycobacterial infection?

Answer 46

If they have been put on antibiotics multiple times and still have not gotten better

Question 47

_ is highly reactive and toxic to bacteria unless it is inactivated by enzymes produced by bacteria

Answer 47

molecular oxygen

Question 48

Enzymes that bacteria use to detoxify reactive O2 products include:

Answer 48

- catalase - peroxidase - superoxide dismutase

Question 49

_ bacteria require oxygen to survive therefore they have all 3 enzymes used to inactivate molecular oxygen

Answer 49

obligate aerobes

Question 50

_ prefer to grow in the presence of oxygen, but can also grow without, produce catalase and superoxide dismutase (flexible)

Answer 50

facultative anaerobes

Question 51

_ tolerate low amounts of oxygen (i.e stomach), produce superoxide dismutase (fussy)

Answer 51

microaerophiles

Question 52

_ cannot tolerate O2, lack enzymes to manage toxicity and thus requires special growth conditions (hate o2)

Answer 52

obligate anaerobes

Question 53

Why do we need to collect two sets of blood samples form two different sites?

Answer 53

one anaerobic and one aerobic

Question 54

What are the two ways bacteria reproduce?

Answer 54

1. asexual reproduction (binary fission) | 2. sexual reproduction (requires conjugation pili)

Question 55

_ intracellular bacteria require host cell to live; cannot make their own energy

Answer 55

obligate

Question 56

_ intracellular bacteria are able to survive phagocytosis; grow and reproduce within immune cells, shielded from antibodies and other immune defenses, and employ specialized mechanisms to protect against lysosomal enzymes produced within phagocytic host cells.

Answer 56

facultative

Question 57

[Viruses]- _ intracellular pathogen cannot replicate independently, must replicate inside host cell

Answer 57

obligate

Question 58

[Viruses]- _; lack cell membrane, composed of only a few organic molecules. Possess DNA or RNA, supported by a protein capsule or "capsid" that provides both protection and recognition sites that bind to receptors on host cells.

Answer 58

acellular

Question 59

some viruses also possess an _ from host cells which facilitates entry into host cells, in such cases cellular membrane proteins are replaced with virus-derived proteins.

Answer 59

envelope

Question 60

Viruses _ reproduce independently; they lack _ necessary for replication and do not possess _ for protein synthesis .

Answer 60

- cannot - enzymes - ribosomes

Question 61

What are the 5 steps of viral replication?

Answer 61

1. attachment 2. entry 3. synthesis (DNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus, RNA synthesis in cytoplasm) 4. assembly into virions 5. release from host cell (budding or lysis/excocytosis)

Question 62

What is the most violent method of virus release from host cell?

Answer 62

Lysis, it explodes from the cell, they tear it open to make their way to other tissue

Question 63

_ infection: alteration of antigenic specificity of cell surface due to presence of virus _; host cell function is intact leading to gradual, prolonged release of _

Answer 63

- persistent - glycoproteins - progeny viral particles

Question 64

_ infection: persistence of viral _ in cell with no virus progeny produced - the _ virus can be reactivated months to years later resulting in a productive infection

Answer 64

latent genome latent

Question 65

Which type of viral infection cannot be cured?

Answer 65

latent infections

Question 66

What is an example of a latent viral infection?

Answer 66

herpes

Question 67

_: integration of viral genome into host cell chromosome may result disruption of host cell metabolic functions including _ and _ resulting in the induction of tumors

Answer 67

transformation cell growth replication

Question 68

What is the most dangerous type of viral infection?

Answer 68

The transformation because they cause a variety of cancers due to changing of the host cell

Question 69

_ is what causes the fever, runny nose associated with the upper respiratory viral infections.

Answer 69

Cell Lysis