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RADT317 - Brain > Pathological Conditions - Neuro > Flashcards

Pathological Conditions - Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

Language disability caused by a brain injury

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2
Q

What does aphasia cause?

A

Difficulty speaking, difficulty understanding, difficulty reading and difficulty writing

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3
Q

What is the difference between aphasia and dysphasia?

A

They are the same thing!

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4
Q

In most cases, what side of the brain is Broca’s area?

A

Left

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5
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Speech production

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6
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Word recognition

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7
Q

What are the 6 types of aphasia/dysphasia?

A

Global
Expressive/Broca’s
Fluent/receptive/Wernicke’s
Mixed/non-fluent
Anomic
Primary Progressive (PPA)

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8
Q

What is global aphasia?

A

Most severe form
Indicated damage to multiple areas of the brain (injury, tumour etc) Cognitive function preserved but significant loss of language and comprehension
Can, however, communicate and/or recognise communication

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9
Q

What is expressive/Broca’s aphasia?

A

Severely reduced language
Sentences of 3-4 words
Can usually understand what is being spoken
*Brain tumour patients often present with

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10
Q

What is fluent/receptive/Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Loss of language comprehensibility
Can form sentences but will often not make sense (patient thinks they are making sense)

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11
Q

What is fluent/receptive/Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Similar to Broca’s but comprehension is impacted

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12
Q

What is anomic aphasia?

A

Inability to find words person wants to say, often significant verbs or nouns

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13
Q

What is primary progressive aphasia (PPA)?

A

A progressive and gradual deterioration of language and comprehension (degenerative brain disease – dementia or Alzheimer’s)

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14
Q

What does TIA stand for?

A

Transient Ischaemic Attack

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15
Q

What is a Transient Ischaemic Attack?

A

‘mini stroke’ - temporary blockage

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16
Q

What does CVA stand for?

A

Cerebral Vascular Accident

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17
Q

What is a Cerebral Vascular Accident?

A

‘major stroke’

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18
Q

What is a Hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Hemorrhage/blood leaks into brain tissue

19
Q

What is a Ischemic stroke?

A

Clot stops blood supply to an area of the brain

20
Q

What is concussion?

A

A traumatic brain injury that changes the way your brain functions

21
Q

What is profound delirium?

A

Caused by i.e., drugs, alcohol, dehydration, fever, hypercalcemia, brain tumour

22
Q

What is Alzheimer’s a type of?

A

Dementia

23
Q

What sample can you obtain from a lumbar puncture?

A

Gives a SCF sample – viral and bacterial meningitis
Higher than L2/L3

24
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Blockage in 3rd-4th ventricles e.g., tumour resulting in build up of CSF

25
Q

What is chronic hydrocephalus?

A

Change shape of skull due to increase volume of brain (SCF volume increased) > paediatrics and adults

26
Q

What is the majority of the CSF produced by?

A

Choroid plexus

27
Q

What is an angiogram?

A

Circle of Willis – supplied by the left and right vertebral arteries – converge to form basilar artery and the left and right internal carotid.

28
Q

What is Cerebral Edema?

A

Narrow sulci, flat gyri

29
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocyte foot processes surround blood vessel – affect the permeability of the cells, preventing large molecules from leaving and protect brain from pathogens. Difficult to get chemotherapy agents through this barrier when treating a brain tumour – becomes less effective.

30
Q

What is nerve block used for?

A

Tooth extraction
Epidural
Chronic pain caused by cancer metastases

31
Q

What is bacterial meningitis?

A

Infection of the meninges

32
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Myelin insulation that coats nerve cells, damages by the autoimmune system attacks the olidendryties

Autoimmune disease

33
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

Damage to lower part of the body - thoracic/lumbar

34
Q

What is tetraplegia (Quadriplegia)?

A

Loss of movement and sensation to all four limbs

35
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

Arm and leg on one side

36
Q

What is Papilloedema?

A

Dilation of blood vessels – raised intercranial pressure

37
Q

What is proptosis?

A

Bulging of the eye – e.g., rhabdomyosarcoma (paediatrics – muscle that controls the eye)

38
Q

What is ptosis?

A

Eyelid droops – compression of the sympathetic nerve

39
Q

What is Left Field Homonymous Hemianopia?

A

Homonymous hemianopia (also called hemianopsia) means that the patient cannot see anything in the entire left or right visual field in both eyes - Damage to the optic chiasm

40
Q

What is Bitemporal hemianopsia?

A

A type of partial blindness that is associated with lesions of the optic chiasm, the area where the optic nerves from the right and left eyes cross near the pituitary gland.

41
Q

What is nystagmus?

A
42
Q

What does epilepsy cause?

A

Seizures

43
Q

What causes Acoustic neuroma?

A

Vestibular nerve – cranial nerve 7

44
Q

What are Glomus jugulare tumours?

A

RADT317 - Brain (10 decks)

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