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Pathological Diseases Flashcards

To memorize the etiology, mechanism, symptoms and diagnosis of various diseases (91 cards)

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1
Q

What is the etiology (cause) of Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Genetic mutation for CTFR

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2
Q

What is the function of CTFR?

A

Regulates Cl- and other channels.

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of Cystic Fibrosis in the lung?

A

Decreased Cl- secretion
Increased Na+ absorption
Affects mucus clearance (-) and viscosity (+)

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of Cystic Fibrosis in the GI?

A

Decrease Na+ secretion
Decrease bicarb secretion
Enzymes that are retained destroy the pancreas

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of Cystic Fibrosis in the sweat glands?

A

Normal volume however not able to reabsorb NaCl

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6
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis in a child?

A
  • Meconium ileus (first poop) really thick, unable to pass
  • Cough productive of viscous sputum
  • Infections
  • Failure to thrive
  • Insufficient pancreatic enzymes: protein and fat malabsorption
  • Bulky, foul smelling stools
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7
Q

How do you diagnose Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Perform a sweat test Cl- > 70mEq/L

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8
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

A chronic autoimmune disease characterized by fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis?

A

In myasthenia gravis, antibodies block, alter, or destroy the receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, which prevents the muscle contraction from occurring.

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10
Q

What’s the hallmark of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Muscle weakness that increases during activity and improves with rest.

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11
Q

What is the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

There is no cure
Symptomatic treatment: (PITAS)
- AChE Inhibitor Agents → Reduce breakdown of Ach
- Steroids/Immunosuppressants → Suppress - immune reaction
- Immunoglobulins → Alter function of antibodies
- Thymectomy → Suppress immune reaction
- Plasmaphoresis → Temporary removal of antibodies

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12
Q

What is the etiology of Duchene Muscular Dystrophy?

A

A recessive, x-linked, single gene defect

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13
Q

What is mechanism of Duchene Muscular Dystrophy

A

Defective cell membrane protein
Failure of contractile protein attachment
Necrosis of muscle fibers

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14
Q

What is myopathy? (Normal)

A

Disease of muscle (primary muscle disorder, usually symmetrical and proximal) that affects:

  • Muscle strength
  • Tone
  • Bulk
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15
Q

In what type of pt’s is toxic myopathy most commonly diagnosed in?

A

Alcoholics and drug users (cocaine and speed)

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16
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of (normal) myopahty?

A
  • Muscle weakness (usually symmetrical and proximal)
  • Tone, Reflexes decreased
  • Can have atrophy or hypertrophy
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17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of toxic myopathy?

A

Can have chronic, progressive proximal weakness
Necrosis of individual muscle fibers
May be a direct effect and/or nutritional

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18
Q

What drugs can cause toxic myopathy?

A
  • Ipecac

- Vincristine

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19
Q

What is toxic myopathy?

A

Acute attack of muscle weakness, pain, swelling after binge drinking

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20
Q

What is Rhabdomyolysis?

A

When muscle is damaged, a protein called myoglobin is released into the bloodstream. It is then filtered out of the body by the kidneys.

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21
Q

What is Myoglobinuria?

A

Myoglobinuria is the presence of myoglobin in the urine, usually associated with rhabdomyolysis or muscle destruction.

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22
Q

What is Electromyography?

A

A process of recording the activation of motor units (the electrical activity of a muscle)

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23
Q

How does an Electromyograph work?

A
  • Uses recording electrodes – needle or flat
  • Little spontaneous activity at rest
  • Measures recruitment of voluntary units
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24
Q

What diseases occurs in the neuromuscular junction region?

A
  • Myasthenia Gravis

- Botulism

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25
What disease occurs in the muscle region?
- Duchene Muscular Dystrophy - Myopathy - Rhabdomyolysis - Myositis
26
What is Myositis? What 3 things cause it?
Myositis means inflammation of the muscles that you use to move your body. An injury, infection, or autoimmune disease can cause it.
27
What is the etiology of myositis?
- Viral - Bacterial - Parasitic
28
What are examples of the etiology of myositis?
- Influenza - Staphlococcus aureus - Tuberculosis - Trichinosis (Trichinella infection)
29
Myositis characterized by generalized pus and inflammation is called?
Polymyositis
30
Myositis characterized by generalized pus and inflammation AND skin lesions is called?
Dermatomyositis
31
What are the symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?
- Drooping eyelid (95 in face) - Blurred/double vision - Slurred speech - Difficulty chew/swallow - Weakness in arms/legs - Chronic muscle fatigue - Difficulty breathing - Often have Thymoma
32
What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
- Parkinsonian rigidity - Parkinsonian Bradykinesia/Akinesia - Postural abnormalities - Autonomic and neuroendocrine symptoms - Cognitive-affective symptoms
33
What is the mechanism of Parkinson's Disease?
Excess of Cholinergic Activity
34
What is a prescription used to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Levodopa (Dopaminergic)
35
What symptoms are related to excess Cholinergic Activity? (4)
- Hypertonia - Rigidity (Cogwheel) - Bradykinesia - Resting Tremor
36
What happens to cerebral peduncles and substantia nigra in people with Parkinson's Disease?
Substantia nigra is depigmented
37
Define consciousness?
Alertness or state of awareness of environment
38
What are the 5 states of awareness of consciousness? Describe each one.
``` Alert (Aware of person, place & time) Lethargic (Verbal command to awake pt) Obtunded (Shaking of pt to wake) Stupor (Painful stimulus needed to wake) Coma ```
39
What is the definition of cognition
Activities of thinking, understanding, learning, remembering
40
What is dementia?
Progressive cognitive decline
41
When can AD be officially diagnosed?
After death by doing an autopsy of brain
42
The onset of AD is caused by the lack of what neurotransmitter?
ACh
43
How does the lack of ACh in an AD patient affect their brain?
Amyloid deposits + Neurofibrillary Tangles interfere with the ability to store and recall
44
What is a prescription used to alleviate the symptoms of AD?
Anticholinesterases
45
What is another word for stroke?
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
46
What blood percentage of the CO is designated to the brain?
15-20% of cardiac output
47
In cerebral hemodynamics, what is the primary regulator for CNS blood flow?
CO2 levels in blood
48
What is the formula for calculating MAP?
SBP+2DBP/3
49
What is the range of MAP?
70-110
50
How is Cerebral Perfusion maintained?
From MAP 50-150 through compensatory vasodilation/constriction
51
Why is the BBB important in regards to the implications of drug therapies on patients?
Has an effect on: - Antibiotics - Chemotherapeutic agents
52
What is the BBB?
Neuroglia create impermeability to large and potentially harmful molecules
53
What is Parkinson's Disease?
A disease that affects the degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the basal ganglia (substantia nigra)
54
What physicial symptoms do you see in Parkinson's patients?
- Leaning forward - Drooling - Looking up - Parkinson's fascia - Shaking hands - Tremors - Festering gait - Shuffling gait
55
What are the causes of Rhabdomyolysis?
- Strenuous exercise - Status epilepticus - Status asthmaticus - Trauma - Multiple Drugs - Substance abuse (toxic-mediated rather than trauma)
56
A person with Rhabdomyolysis presents with what symptoms?
- Muscle pain - Fever - Flu-like symptoms - Muscle cramping - Dark urine
57
What is compartment syndrome?
Local muscle damage
58
In compartment syndrome, increased venous pressure leads to
Decreased arterial pressure (Ischemia - not enough perfusion/blood supply) Edema
59
What can compartment syndrome result in?
Can result in sequela of Volkmann Ischemic Contracture
60
What are some symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy seen later with age?
- Enlarged calves - Lordosis (disappears when child sits) - Weakness in pelvic girdle muscles - Crippling deformities - Contractures
61
What is the MOA of the bacteria involved in botulism?
toxin inhibits acetylcholine release which equals paralysis of muscle
62
What was botulism initially used for?
- blepharospasm | - spasmodic torticollis
63
Which gender is effected if the mother is a carrier of duchenne’s muscular dystrophy?
- Male
64
What pathogens can cause myositis?
- Virus bacteria and parasite
65
What are specific causes of myositis?
- Influenza - Staph. Aureus - TB - Trichinosis (trichinella infection) – parasite caused by eating raw of uncooked pork
66
What is used to study the activation of motor units?
Electromyography EMG
67
What does an electromyography record and measure?
Records electrical activity of muscle and measures recruitment of voluntary units
68
What is a recessive, x linked single gene defect disease effecting muscle development?
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
69
What is disease of muscle known as?
Myopathy
70
What does myopathy affect?
Muscle tone/strength/bulk
71
What are symptoms of myopathy?
- Weakness (symmetrical and proximal) - Decreased tone/ reflexes - Atrophy or hypertrophy
72
What is the most common cause of toxic myopathy?
Alcohol & drug abuse – direct effect or nutritional
73
What are two other causes of toxic myopathy?
Ipecac and vincristine
74
What are symptoms of toxic myopathy? (WARN)
- Chronic progressive peripheral weakness - Acute attacks of weakness swelling and pain after binge - Rhabdomyolysis – Myoglobinuria - Necrosis of individual muscle fibers
75
What results from compartment syndrome?
it may lead to crush syndrome
76
What neurotransmitter plays a significant role in Myasthenia Gravis?
ACh
77
Which enzyme plays a significant role in Myasthenia Gravis?
AChE
78
What disease is characterized by fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness?
Myasthenia Gravis
79
How does Myasthenia Gravis cause muscle weakness?
antibodies to ACh block alter or destroy ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction
80
75. What is a thyoma?
tumor in the thymus
81
76. Is there a cure for Myasthenia Gravis?
No, What is there symptomatic treatment
82
Botulism involves which bacteria?
Clostridium botulinum (Gram positive)
83
What is the MOA of the bacteria involved in botulism?
- toxin inhibits acetylcholine release which equals paralysis
84
What was botulism initially used for?
- blepharospasm | - spasmodic torticollis
85
What is Wallerian degeneration?
Nerve injury when a cell is cut
86
In wallerian degeneration, what are the symptoms distal to the cut?
- Swelling appears - Neurofilaments (cytoskeleton proteins) grow out - Myelin sheath shrinks and disintegrates - Axon portion degenerates and disappears
87
In wallerian degeneration, what are the symptoms proximal to the cut?
- Swelling and dispersal of the Nissl substance - Cell increases in metabolic activity, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial activity - New terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment - Process limited to myelinated axons - Generally only in the PNS - Depends on location, type of injury, the inflammatory response, and scar tissue formation
88
What are the hallmarks of Parkingson's disease?
- Rest tremors | - Facies (Mask)
89
What are the hallmarks of AD?
- Amyloid deposits | - Neurofibrillary Tangles
90
In Parkinsons Disease, excess cholinergic activity is caused by which neurotransmitter? What are the symptoms?
ACh - Resting tremor - Cogwheel (rigidity) - Hypertonia - Bradykinesia/Akinesia
91
What are the symptoms of AD?
- Hypertonia - Affected ability to recall and store - Amyloid B deposits - Neurofibrillary fibers - Memory loss - Circumlocution - Spatial disorientation

Pathology (10 decks)

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