Pathological morphology - descriptive morphology

Question 1

anaplastic

Answer 1

A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and have little or no resemblance to normal cells.

Question 2

2 terms for mode of growth

Answer 2

expansive (typically benign) & infiltrative (typically malignant)

Question 3

name 2 ways tumors can affect local processes

Answer 3

via compression and via atrophy (can limit nearby organ function resulting in teh atrophy of the organ)

Question 4

chemodecta

Answer 4

is a type of benign tumor made up of chemoreceptor cells.

depending on position, are capable of compressing large blood vessels with stasis of bloodflow

Question 5

4 terms for macroscopic forms of tumors

Answer 5

nodular
fungous (mushroom-looking)
polypoid (resembles polyps)
papillary (mushroom-shaped with extensions/papillae)

Question 6

what type of tumor

Answer 6

cystoid form of tumor

unilocular cyst

Question 7

what type of tumor

Answer 7

cystoid form of tumor

multilocular cyst

Question 8

what type of tumor

Answer 8

expansive

Question 9

what type of tumor

Answer 9

infiltrative

Question 10

atypia

Answer 10

Atypia is deviation from the normal. The condition of being uncharacteristic or lacking uniformity nuclear atypism of cells characterizes certain precancerous conditions.

The condition of being irregular or not conforming to type. Morphological atypia is very important in tumor investigation.

divided into tissue and cellular atypia

Question 11

oncogenic process divided into 3:

Answer 11

cancerogenesis
cancer local phase
cancer generalization

Question 12

apoptosis main regulation molecules (2)

Answer 12

p53
bcl-2

defective function contribute to cancerogenesis so cells with mutation or loss of p53 will not arrest cell cycle when necessary

Question 13

gompertzi curve

Answer 13

Discovered by Benjamin Gompertz, a nineteenth-century actuary, the Gompertzian growth curve describes the complex pattern of tumor growth.

The curve has an early, almost exponential growth rate followed by slower growth rate which reaches a plateau as tumors grow larger in size.

Question 14

Cancerous cell is characterized by

Answer 14

a large nucleus, having an irregular size and shape, the nucleoli are prominent, the cytoplasm is scarce and intensly colored or, on the contrary, is pale

Question 15

cholangiocarcinoma

Answer 15

Bile duct cancer

Question 16

Benign tumor nomenclature

Answer 16

Attaching the suffix-oma to the cell origin of
the name of organ and derived tissue cell + oma
e.g. adenoma of thyroid. adeno- refers to glandular tissue

More detail:
The name of organ and derived tissue/cell +
morphologic character + oma
e.g. skin papilloma, ovarian cyst adenoma

Question 17

malignant tumor nomenclature

Answer 17

Carcinoma: Malignant tumors of epithelial
cell origin.

The name of organ and derived tissue/ cell +
carcinoma.
e.g. adenocarcinoma of thyroid.

More details:
The name of organ and derived tissue/ cell +
morphologic features + carcinoma

e.g. papillary carcinoma of skin, ovarian
cystadenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma of
lung, signet-ring cell carcinoma of stomach

Question 18

Blastoma

Answer 18

is “special” nomenclature

caused by malignancies in precursor cells, often called blasts. The suffix -blastoma is used to imply a tumor of primitive, incompletely differentiated (or precursor) cells, or
nervous tissue, most of them are malignant.

e.g. Medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma,
nephroblastoma

Question 19

Teratomas:

Answer 19

tumors containing mature or immature cells or tissues representative of more than one germ layer and sometimes all the three layers.

Question 20

Hamartoma

Answer 20

A benign growth composed of a haphazard arrangement of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues normally found in the area of the body where the growth occurs.

Question 21

give 4 terms for benign tumors composed of one parenchymal cell type

Answer 21

Fibroma (mesenchymal)
Lipoma (mesenchymal)

Chondroma (connective tissue)
Osteoma (connective tissue)

Question 22

give 4 terms for malignant tumors composed of one parenchymal cell

Answer 22

Fibrosarcoma (mesenchymal)
Liposarcoma (mesenchymal)

Chondrosarcoma (connective tissue)
Osteogenic sarcoma (connective tissue)

Question 23

give 3 terms for benign tumors of endothelial and related tissue types

Answer 23

Hemangioma
Lymphangioma
Meningioma

Question 24

give 3 terms for malignant tumors of endothelial and related tissue types

Answer 24

Angiosarcoma
Lymphangiosarcoma
Synovial sarcoma
Mesothelioma
Invasive meningioma

Question 25

parenchymal definition vs mesenchymal definition

Answer 25

parenchymal = relating to or affecting the functional tissue of an organ mesenchymal = cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue

Question 26

leiomyoma & leiosarcoma

Answer 26

benign & malignant tumor of smooth muscle origin

Question 27

rhabodomyoma & rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 27

benign & malignant tumor of striated muscle origin

Question 28

what would a benign tumor of stratified squamous epithelium be called?

Answer 28

squamous cell papilloma

Question 29

3 terms for benign tumors of glandular of ductular origin

Answer 29

adenoma papilloma cystadenoma

Question 30

3 terms for malignant tumors of Stratified squamous or Basal cell origin

Answer 30

Squamous cell carcinoma epidermoid carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma

Question 31

3 terms for malignant tumors of glandular of ductular origin

Answer 31

Adenocarcinoma Papillary carcinoma Cystadenocarcinoma

Question 32

a nevus is classified as

Answer 32

a benign neoplasm of neuroectoderm origin

Question 33

a benign renal epithelial tumor can be called a

Answer 33

renal tubular adenoma

Question 34

a benign tumor of Urinary tract epithelium (transitional) origin can be called

Answer 34

Transitional cell papilloma

Question 35

a benign tumor of hepatic cell origin can be called

Answer 35

liver cell adenoma

Question 36

a benign tumor of Placental epithelium (trophoblast) origin is called

Answer 36

Hydatidiform mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the womb (uterus) at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease

Question 37

name 2 malignant tumors of resp. passage origin

Answer 37

bronchogenic carcinoma bronchial adenoma (carcinoid)

Question 38

name a malignant tumor of neuroectoderm origin

Answer 38

malignant melanoma

Question 39

name a malignant tumor of Renal epithelium origin

Answer 39

Renal cell carcinoma

Question 40

name a malignant tumor of Liver cell origin

Answer 40

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 41

name a malignant tumor of Urinary tract epithelium (transitional) origin

Answer 41

Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 42

name a malignant tumor of Placental epithelium (trophoblast) origin

Answer 42

Choriocarcinoma

Question 43

name 2 malignant tumors of Testicular epithelium (germ cells) origin

Answer 43

Seminoma Embryonal carcinoma Embryonal carcinoma is a type of testicular cancer.

Question 44

1st descriptor for any slide specimen

Answer 44

what organ it is you must identify this if it is a "blind test"

Question 45

1st sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

Answer 45

A subgross description. 1. Location. Does it extend to cut borders? Is it limited to one anatomical part of the tissue, such as the grey matter or the renal cortex? 2. Size 3. Densely or sparsely cellular. 4. Well-demarcated or poorly demarcated 5. Shape. (Nodular, multilobular, verrucous, etc.) 6. Expansile or infiltrative 7. Encapsulated or unencapsulated

Question 46

2nd sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

Answer 46

Patterns of cells and type of stroma. A. Different broad classifications of neoplasms have fairly characteristic patterns. B. Modify your pattern description with adjectives such as closely-packed, loosely arranged, etc. C. Stroma - fibrovascular, fibrous, pre-existing, fine, coarse, etc.

Question 47

3rd sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

Answer 47

Cytologic features. A. Shape B. Size C. Cell borders (distinct or indistinct). D. Cytoplasm E. Nucleus F. Nucleolus

Question 48

4th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

Answer 48

Unique features multinucleate cells, variation in cells (anisokaryosis, anisocytosis, karyomegaly, etc.)

Question 49

5th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

Answer 49

Mitotic activity. A. Mitoses are _ per _ HPF. B. Mitoses range from _ to _ per HPF, averaging _ per HPF. C. Bizarre mitoses. (HPF = high-power field)

Question 50

6th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

Answer 50

Evidence of malignancy. A. Vascular invasion B. Capsular invasion C. Necrosis D. Hemorrhage (if applicable)

Question 51

7th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

Answer 51

Cleanup. These are observations not directly related to the neoplasm such as: A. Inflammation B. Ulceration C. Hemorrhage D. Mineralization E. Others

Question 52

characteristic patterns for 1. Carcinoma

Answer 52

- Nest, packets, lobules, cords

Question 53

characteristic patterns for 2. Adenocarcinoma

Answer 53

- Tubules, acini

Question 54

characteristic patterns for 3. Sarcomas

Answer 54

- Bundles, streams

Question 55

characteristic patterns for 4. Round cell tumors

Answer 55

- Sheets.

Question 56

Cell shapes can be described as (7)

Answer 56

round, spindled, oval, cuboidal, columnar, polygonal, pleomorphic

Question 57

Cell cytoplasm can be described by (3)

Answer 57

1. Amount (scant, moderate amount, abundant). 2. Color (eosinophilic, basophilic, red, blue, etc.) 3. Character (homogenous, fibrillar, granular)

Question 58

Cell nucleus can be described by (4)

Answer 58

1. Shape (round, oval, elongate, spindled, crimped, etc.) 2. Location in cell (central, paracentral, eccentric) 3. Chromatin distribution (vesicular, finely stippled, coarsely stippled, clumped, etc.) 4. Chromatin staining (hyperchromatic)

Question 59

Cell nucleolus can be described by (2)

Answer 59

1. Number 2. Color