Pathological morphology - tissue processing, staining

Question 1

what solutions are used for decalcification of dense cortical bone

Answer 1

Strong mineral acids such as nitric and hydrochloric acids

Question 2

what solutions are used for decalcification of bone marrow

Answer 2

Organic acids such as acetic and formic acid

Question 3

what is the best all-around decalcifier

Answer 3

Formic acid in a 10% concentration

Question 4

define sample clearing

Answer 4

Tissue clearing refers to a collection of techniques that render biological samples transparent.

Is a process of replacing dehydrant with a substance which is miscible (capable of being mixed) with embedding medium or paraffin wax.

Question 5

how does acetic acid affect protein and fat?

Answer 5

Protein droplets will dissolve in acetic acid
and fat droplets will not change.

potassium acetate - Has a similar effect.

Question 6

What are KOH & NaOH caustic soda 1…3% aqueous solutions used for?

Answer 6

KOH (Potassium hydroxide), NaOH (Sodium hydroxide aka lye)

These solutions are used for studying myeloid, fat, elastic connective tissue, bone tissue, pigments and microbes.

Question 7

What is Alcohol-ether for?

Answer 7

for dissolving fat

Question 8

What are hydrochloric acid HCl and sulphuric acid H2SO4 used to identify?

Answer 8

to identify calcium salts in tissues.

Question 9

What is Lugol’s solution used for in histology?

Answer 9

Used for diagnosing amyloid mutations.
Lugol’s solution makes the amyloid mutated patches on the surface of the organ dark purple. The borders of the cell become more defined and clear.

It is also used in parasitology.

Question 10

define amyloid

Answer 10

are aggregates of proteins characterised by a fibrillar morphology

The build-up of amyloid proteins (deposits) can make it difficult for the organs and tissues to work properly = amyloidosis

Question 11

name 2 simple fixatives

Answer 11

ethyl alcohol aka ethanol C2H5OH
formalin

Question 12

name 3 complex fixatives

Answer 12

Zenker’s fixative (Helly’s fluid)
Carnoy’s fluid
Bouin’s fluid

Question 13

name 3 embedding materials

Answer 13

1. celloidin embedding
2. paraffin embedding
3. gelatin embedding

Question 14

name an alkaline stain

Answer 14

hematoxyline

Question 15

name 2 acidic stains

Answer 15

eosin
picro fuchsin

Question 16

define nosology

Answer 16

is the branch of medical science that deals with the classification of diseases

Question 17

what is the difference between general- & special pathology?

Answer 17

General pathology – processes that are common to several organs and diseases.

Special pathology – the changes that occur in the organs; characteristic of a disease.

Question 18

what is the difference between pathomorphology & anatomical pathology?

Answer 18

pathomorphology = morphologic changes caused by a pathological condition

anatomical pathology = concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the examination of organs and tissues

Question 19

define dysergia

Answer 19

lack of muscular coordination due to a defect in innervation.

Question 20

define hyperergic & hypergia

Answer 20

hyperergic = characterized by or exhibiting a greater than normal sensitivity to an allergen

hypergia = Obsolete term for allergic hypersensitivity.

Question 21

define inanition death

Answer 21

inanition (undernutrition or starvation, inanitio)

starvation (inanitio totalis)

undernutrition (inanitio partialis)

Question 22

define Algor Mortis

Answer 22

refers to the rate at which a body cools after death. It is the most useful single indicator of the time of death during the first 24 hours postmortem

Question 23

Livor Mortis

Answer 23

or Postmortem lividity/ Postmortem suggilation/ Hypostasis/ Vibices/

refers to discolouration or staining of the skin and organs after death due to accumulation of fluid blood in the dependent parts of the body

The color of lividity is usual reddish purple or violet

Question 24

Autolysis

Answer 24

Rise of enzyme levels in the tissue cells after death

Softening and liquefying of the body tissue

Starts 3-4 hours after death and continues for 2-3 days

Organs that have higher enzymes value (liver, pancreas) undergo autolysis faster

Question 25

Putrefaction

Answer 25

Involves bacteria (aerobic, anaerobic) and fermentation Depends on: Environment Body condition prior to death

Question 26

difference between autolysis and putrefaction processes

Answer 26

Putrefaction involves the action of bacteria on the tissues of the body. Autolysis is the breakdown of the body by endogenous substances.

Question 27

acanthosis

Answer 27

A benign abnormal thickening of the stratum spinosum, or prickle cell, layer of the epidermis.

Question 28

parakeratosis definition

Answer 28

Parakeratosis refers to incomplete maturation of epidermal keratinocytes, resulting in abnormal retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum

Question 29

ante mortem

Answer 29

Having been inflicted or having occurred before death

Question 30

conditions caused by lack of vitamins are called

Answer 30

avitaminoses

Question 31

latin for constipation

Answer 31

koprostasis

Question 32

infolding of one part within another part of a structure

Answer 32

intussusception

Question 33

difference between a wound (vulnus) and an ulcer (ulcus)

Answer 33

a wound is caused by a mechanical injury with some object, but an ulcer is caused by damage to tissues by a disease process, e.g an inflammation.

Question 34

another term for Severe dislocation

Answer 34

luxation (luxatio)

Question 35

endogenic toxicosis

Answer 35

(autointoxicatio) is self-poisoning, resulting from toxins produced within the body.

Question 36

The condition caused by overheating of the body is called

Answer 36

thermoplegia is synonymous with “heat stroke” in English. defines it as the most acute version of it, which could result in body temperature exceeding 40C and an “extremely high” death rate. sun stroke (insolatio) should be mentioned, as it is caused by direct effect of sun rays on the head, not the general overheating of the whole body, as it is wrongly assumed sometimes.

Question 37

another term for blistering

Answer 37

vesication

Question 38

According to their origin, diseases are divided into three groups:

Answer 38

hereditary, congenital and acquired.

Question 39

According to their duration, diseases are classified as

Answer 39

acute, sub-acute and chronic.

Question 40

Acute diseases (morbi acuti) last from

Answer 40

a couple of hours to 2-3 weeks.

Question 41

Sub-acute diseases (morbi subacuti) last for approximately

Answer 41

3-6 weeks.

Question 42

Chronic diseases (morbi chronici) last for

Answer 42

weeks, months or even years.

Question 43

An exostosis is

Answer 43

an extra growth of bone that extends outward from an existing bone. Common types of exostoses include bone spurs, which are bony growths also known as osteophytes.

Question 44

differnce between bacteremia, pyemia & septicemia

Answer 44

bacteremia = when bacteria and microbes are present in bloodstream pyemia = a form of septicemia due to the presence of pus-forming organisms in the blood, manifested by formation of multiple abscesses of a metastatic nature. septicemia or sepsis is the clinical name for blood poisoning by bacteria. It is the body's most extreme response to an infection.

Question 45

Full recovery (restitutio ad integrum) can also be called

Answer 45

entelechy.

Question 46

what is the purpose of xylene?

Answer 46

used as a solvent , removes paraffin

Question 47

What is the importance of embedding in histopathology?

Answer 47

The principle of the embedding station is to accurately and precisely orientate a histological specimen into a block of paraffin wax; this will allow the support and firm hold of the tissue sample so that fine cutting of thin sections for histological diagnostic purposes can ensue.

Question 48

What is the use of Canada balsam in histopathology?

Answer 48

Canada balsam is a commonly used mounting medium to prepare permanent slides for microscopy. It is produced from the resin of the balsam fir tree and can be combined with xylene-containing specimens.

Question 49

benefits to celloidin embedding?

Answer 49

It is a much longer process than paraffin but causes much less shrinkage and distortion. It is used especially in examination of the eye and brain.

Question 50

what pH are nulcear stains?

Answer 50

alkaline e.g. hematoxyline

Question 51

what pH are cytoplasmic stains?

Answer 51

acidic e.g. eosin

Question 52

what is celloidin exactly?

Answer 52

a clear, concentrated, semisolid solution of pyroxylin used in microscopy for embedding specimens that are to be cut into thin cross sections.

Question 53

the stain used in routine staining is typically

Answer 53

hematoxylin and eosin

Question 54

a stain often used for connective tissue & collagen is

Answer 54

Van Gieson or Masson trichrome stain

Question 55

a stain often used to stain lipids is

Answer 55

Oil red 0 (cryosections)

Question 56

a stain often used to stain carbohydrates is

Answer 56

PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff reaction), a staining method used to detect polysaccharides such as glycogen the stain, Best's carmine, may also be used for glycogen

Question 57

a stain often used to stain amyloid is

Answer 57

Congo red crystalviolet may also be utilized

Question 58

what is Brown-Brenn stani used to detect

Answer 58

bacteria

Question 59

What is Von Kossa stain used to detect?

Answer 59

calcium salts

Question 60

What is Luxol fast blue stain used to detect?

Answer 60

myelin

Question 61

What is Toluidine blue stain used to detect?

Answer 61

granulation tissue

Question 62

What is cryosectioning?

Answer 62

"Frozen section procedure" is a pathological laboratory procedure to perform rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen. It is used most often in oncological surgery. The technical name for this procedure is cryosection. The microtome device that cold cuts thin blocks of frozen tissue is called a cryotome. -20 to -30*C inside

Question 63

What is in situ hybridization?

Answer 63

is a laboratory technique used to localize a sequence of DNA or RNA in a biological sample.