Pathologies

Question 1

what does anterior humeral dislocations look like

Answer 1

humeral head not aligned with glenoid fossa

inferior to the cavity

Question 2

what does posterior humeral dislocations look like

Answer 2

light bulb sign

in the cavity but rotated wrong

Question 3

what is hillsachs lesion, ie what causes it

Answer 3

posterolateral humeral head compression

humeral head rests against the anteroinferior glanoid

Question 4

what is the bankart lesion, ie what causes it

Answer 4

anterior-inferior labrum shoulder injury

due to anterior shoulder dislocation

Question 5

what shows external rotation in terms of the tubercles

Answer 5

G tubercle lateral in profile

L tubercle anterior (not seen)

Question 6

what shows internal rotation in terms of the tubercles

Answer 6

G tubercle anterior (not seen)

L tubercle medially in profile

Question 7

what shows neutral rotation in terms of the tubercles

Answer 7

G & L tubercle anterior (not seen/not in profile)

Question 8

what are stable pelvis fractures

Answer 8

doesnt affect the ring

always has a point of contact maintaining the bony ring

Question 9

what are 4 types of stable pelvis fractures

Answer 9

avulsion
duverney

sacral

ischiopubic rami

Question 10

what is an duverney stable fracture of the pelvis

Answer 10

involves the iliac wing

Question 11

what is an avulsion stable fracture of the pelvis

Answer 11

involves anterosuperior/anteroinferior iliac spine or ischial tuberosity

Question 12

what are the 2 types of ischiopubic rami stable fractures

Answer 12

uni/bilateral

Question 13

what orientation is the sacral stable pelvic fracture

Answer 13

transversely oriented

Question 14

what are unstable pelvis fractures

Answer 14

fracture interferes with bony rings

Question 15

what are the 3 types of unstable pelvic fractures

Answer 15

AP compression

lateral compression

vertical shear forces

Question 16

what are AP compression in terms of unstable pelvic fractures

in terms of force direction and what joint is involved

Answer 16

forces directed in the anterior/posterior direction

symphyseal and sacroiliac joint diastasis

Question 17

what are lateral compression in terms of unstable pelvic fractures

what 3 structures are involved

Answer 17

pubic bone fracture

SI joint and sacrum

Question 18

what are vertical shear forces in terms of unstable pelvic fractures

what structure is affected

Answer 18

hemipelvis affected

Question 19

what are 2 locations where the femur can fracture

Answer 19

neck or shaft

Question 20

what percentage of femur dislocations are posterior

Answer 20

85%

Question 21

what is a posterior pelvic dislocation

Answer 21

femoral head not in articulation with acetabulum

Question 22

where is the femoral head located in a posterior dislocation

Answer 22

femoral head appears superior to acetabulum

Question 23

where is the femoral head located in an anterior dislocation

Answer 23

femoral head appears inferior to acetabulum

Question 24

what is pneumoperitoneum

Answer 24

air in abdominal cavity

Question 25

what is splenomegaly

Answer 25

enlarged spleen

Question 26

what is a pathology regarding the gall bladder

Answer 26

gall stones

Question 27

what are 2 characteristics of bowel obstruction

Answer 27

dilated small bowel loops collapsed/normal bowel distal to expanded region

Question 28

what is volvulus what is the sign that indicates this condition

Answer 28

twisting of bowel and mesentry coffee bean sign

Question 29

what 4 symtpoms of osteoarthritis

Answer 29

bony spurs/osteophytes vertebral height loss nerve root entrapment narrowed joint space

Question 30

what is DISH

Answer 30

abnormal calcification of spine joint soft tissue

Question 31

where is bone formation in DISH

Answer 31

Bone formation along anterior and/or posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 32

are the facet and SI joints involved in DISH

Answer 32

no

Question 33

what spine section is most common for DISH

Answer 33

thoracic

Question 34

what is ankylosing spondylitis in terms of the curve and joints involved

Answer 34

accentuated kyphosis and SI joints bamboo spine ossification parallel to spine

Question 35

what are the 2 type of joint dislocation in the spine

Answer 35

unilateral and bilateral facet joint dislocation

Question 36

what is unilateral facet joint dislocation

Answer 36

C4/C5 missing spinous process on AP

Question 37

what is bilateral facet joint dislocation

Answer 37

Anterior/Posterior Displacement of C5 More than ½ the vertebrae has displaced

Question 38

what is Spondylolisthesis

Answer 38

vertebrae slips out onto the one below it microfracture of the pars interarticualris

Question 39

what is a teardrop fracture 4 factors

Answer 39

Posterior ligament disruption Anterior compression fracture of vert body Avulsion fracture Posterior displacement of vert body into spinal canal (spinal cord compression)

Question 40

what is a hangmans fracture 4 things

Answer 40

Pars interarticularis C2 # Avulsion of anterior/inferior corner of C2 Anterior dislocation of C2 vert body Bilateral C2 pars interarticularis #

Question 41

where are 2 places that a odontoid fracture can occur at

Answer 41

top of peg and base of peg

Question 42

what is a jefferson fracture 3 things

Answer 42

C1 bony ring compression Lateral masses split, transverse ligament tear C1 lateral masses displaced beyond margins of C2 body

Question 43

what is spondylitis in terms of what part of the vertebrae is fractured

Answer 43

pars interarticularis microfracture

Question 44

what is spondylolisthesis

Answer 44

vertebra slips relative to another Anterior/posterior displacement

Question 45

what are the following conditions spondylosis spondylolysis spondylolisthesis ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 45

spondylosis = degenerative disease of disc, joints spondylolysis = bony defect of the pars interarticularis spondylolisthesis = shift of one vertebra on another ankylosing spondylitis = an arthritis that leads to the fusion of the spine and SI joints

Question 46

what is a compression fracture shape

Answer 46

wedge shaped

Question 47

what is a compression fracture break location 4 things

Answer 47

Cortical break in upper anterior vertebral body Horizontal sclerotic band of impaction of superior endplate Posterior cortex body intact

Question 48

what is a burst fracture 5 things

Answer 48

Retropulsion of posterior vertebral body fragment Cortical break in upper anterior wall of vertebral body Horizontal sclerotic band of impaction of superior endplate Posterior cortex body intact

Question 49

what is a compression fracture caused by

Answer 49

collapsing as a result of pressure or degeneration of the spinal bones

Question 50

what is a wedge fracture caused by

Answer 50

degeneration of the spine or trauma

Question 51

what is a burst fracture caused by

Answer 51

when a disc/bone in your spine is extremely compressed, becoming crushed, spreading fragments throughout your spine