Pathologies and Tests 2nd 1/2

Question 1

Auscultation

Answer 1

listening to sounds within the body (with stethoscope)

Question 2

Percussion

Answer 2

tapping on a surface to determine difference in density of underlying structure (over solid organ sound = dull w.out resonance, vs. the lungs = hollow, resonant sound)

Question 3

Pleural rub

Answer 3

scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
-pleurae are roughened and thickens from inflammation, infection, scarring or neoplastic cells

Question 4

rales (crackles)

Answer 4

fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in alveoli
-pt’s with pneumonia, bronchiectasis or acute bronchitis

Question 5

Rhonchi

Answer 5

sound rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum

Question 6

Sputum

Answer 6

material expelled from bronchi, lungs or URT by spitting

Question 7

Stridor

Answer 7

strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in pharynx or larynx

Question 8

Wheezes

Answer 8

continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing

Question 9

Croup

Answer 9

acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor
-common cause: respiratory syncytial virus

Question 10

Diptheria

Answer 10

acute infection of throat and URT caused by the diphtheria bacterium
-inflammation occurs and leathery, opaque membrane forms on pharynx and trachea

Question 11

Epistaxis

Answer 11

nose bleed

Question 12

Pertussis

Answer 12

whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of pharynx, larynx and trachea from Bordetella pertussis.
-paroxysmal (violent, sudden) fits of coughing and wheezing

Question 13

Asthma

Answer 13

chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production

Question 14

Bronchiectasis

Answer 14

chronic dilation of bronchus, usually secondary to infection

Question 15

Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 15

inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time - is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 16

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 16

Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mutinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally

Question 17

Atelectasis

Answer 17

collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

Question 18

Emphysema

Answer 18

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls - loss of elasticity and breakdown of alveolar walls result in expiratory flow limitations.
also a form of COPD

Question 19

Pneumoconiosis

Answer 19

abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, chronic inflammation, infection and bronchitis
-anthracosis (coal dust), asbestosis (asbestos) and silicosis (silica or glass dust)

Question 20

Pneumonia

Answer 20

Acute inflammation and infection in alveoli, which fill with pus or products of inflammation reaction
Can see infiltrate in an X-ray or CT scan

Question 21

Pulmonary edema

Answer 21

Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
-commonly caused by inability of the heart to pump blood; blood backs up in blood vessels and fluid seeps into alveoli and bronchioles

Question 22

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 22

formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
-can be idiopathic and secondary from other lung disease

Question 23

Sarcoidosis

Answer 23

chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs

Question 24

Tuberculosis

Answer 24

infection disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected.
-highly contagiuos

Question 25

Mesothelioma

Answer 25

rare malignant tumor arising in pleura - derived from mesothelium, lining of the pleural surface - commonly caused by asbestos

Question 26

Pleural effusion

Answer 26

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space -from exudates (fluid from tumors or infections) and transudates (fluid from congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism or cirrhosis)

Question 27

Pleurisy (pleuritis)

Answer 27

Inflammation of pleura

Question 28

Pneumothorax

Answer 28

collection of air in the pleural space - hole in the lung to the pleural space - treatment = pleurodesis, which are artificial adhesions

Question 29

Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan

Answer 29

detection device records radioactivity in the lung after intravenous injection fo radioisotope and inhalation of a small amount of radioactive gas (xenon) -identify areas of the lungs not receiving adequate air or blood flow

Question 30

Tuberculin test

Answer 30

determines past or present tuberculous infection based on positive skin reaction -Heaf test and tine test using purified protein derivative (PPD) applied with puncture to skin & Mantoux test using PPD given by intraepidermal injection

Question 31

Differentiate B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

Answer 31

B cells = from bone marrow, creates antibodies | T cells = from thymus, act on antigens and destroy them, or create products that will

Question 32

Differentiate cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity

Answer 32

``` cell-mediated = t cells (helper and cytotoxic) respond to antigens and destroy them humoral = b cells produce antibodies after exposure to certain antigens ```

Question 33

Where are cytokines released and what do they do?

Answer 33

proteins released by cytotoxic t cells that aid in antigen destruction (examples = proteins called interferons and interleukins)

Question 34

What is a cytotoxic t cell? What do they do?

Answer 34

CD8+ - T lymphocyte that directly kills antigens

Question 35

How does a dendritic cell aid in immunity?

Answer 35

helps T and B cells target antigens for attach - they present antigen cells

Question 36

What is a helper t cell? What do they do?

Answer 36

CD4+ - t lymphocyte that aids b cells and stimulates t cells

Question 37

Where are immunoglobulins secreted from? what do they do?

Answer 37

they are secreted from mature b cells. | antibodies that are secreted in response to an antigen

Question 38

What is a suppressor t cell?

Answer 38

a lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of b and t cells. AKA Treg (regulatory t cell)