Pathology 1

Question 1

Alzheimer Disease NT

Answer 1

Decreased ACh

Question 2

Anxiety NTs

Answer 2

Increased NE; Decreased GABA and 5-HT

Question 3

Depression NTs

Answer 3

Decrease in NE, 5-HT, and DA

Question 4

Huntington NTs

Answer 4

Decrease GABA, ACh; Increased Dopamine

Question 5

Parkinson NTs

Answer 5

Decrease Dopamine; Increase in 5-HT, ACh

Question 6

Schizophrenia NTs

Answer 6

Increase Dopamine

Question 7

Patient’s ability to know who, where, date and time

Answer 7

Orientation

Question 8

Order of Loss of Orientation

Answer 8

1st - time; 2nd - place; last - person

Question 9

AOx3

Answer 9

Alert and Oriented x3

Question 10

Inability to remember things that occurred before CNS insult

Answer 10

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 11

Inability to make new memories

Answer 11

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 12

Classic anterograde amnesia caused by thiamine deficiency and associated destruction of mamillary bodies

Answer 12

Korsakoff Amnesia

Question 13

Inability to recall important personal information, usually subsequent to severe trauma or stress

Answer 13

Dissociative Amnesia

Question 14

Abrupt travel or wandering during a period of dissociative amnesia, associated with traumatic circumstances

Answer 14

Dissociative Fugue

Question 15

Significant change in cognition (memory, attention, language, judgement) from previous level of functioning.

Answer 15

Cognitive Disorder

Question 16

“Waxing and Waning” level of consciuosness with acute onset

Answer 16

Delirium

Question 17

Rapid decrease in attention span and level of arousal; disorg thinking, hallucinations (often visual), illusions, misperceptions, disturbance of sleep wake cycle, cognitive dysfunction

Answer 17

Delirium

Question 18

Most common presentation of altered mental status in inpatient setting. Abnormal EEG

Answer 18

Delirium

Question 19

Tx for delirium

Answer 19

Fix underlying causes, optimize brain condition like O2, hydration and pain, Antipsychotics (haloperidol)

Question 20

Gradual decrease in intellectual ability or “cognition” without affecting LOC, EEG Normal

Answer 20

Dementia

Question 21

Memory deficits, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, loss of abstract thought, behavioral/personality changes, impairment judgment

Answer 21

Dementia

Question 22

Reversible Causes of dementia

Answer 22

NPH, Vit B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, neurosyphilis, HIV (partially)

Question 23

Irreversible Causes of Dementia

Answer 23

Alzheimers, Lewy Body dementia, Huntington, Pick Dx, Cerebral infarcts, Creutzfeldt-Jakob dx, Chronic substance abuse

Question 24

Distorted perception of reality characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized thinking

Answer 24

Psychosis

Question 25

Perceptions in the absence of external stimuli

Answer 25

Hallucinations

Question 26

Unique, false beliefs about about oneself or others that persist despite the facts

Answer 26

Delusions

Question 27

Words and ideas are strung together based on sounds, puns, or "loose associations"

Answer 27

Disorganized Speech

Question 28

Visual Hallucinations

Answer 28

More common a feature of medical than psychiatric illness (drug intoxication)

Question 29

Auditory Hallucinations

Answer 29

Associated with schizophrenia

Question 30

Olfactory Hallucinations

Answer 30

Aura of psychomotor epilepsy and in brain tumors

Question 31

Gustatory Hallucinations

Answer 31

Rare

Question 32

Tactile Hallucinations

Answer 32

Common with alcohol withdrawal Formication - bugs crawling on skin Cocaine abusers

Question 33

Hypnogogic

Answer 33

Hallucination while going to sleep

Question 34

Hypnopompic

Answer 34

Hallucination while waking from sleep

Question 35

Chronic mental disorder with periods of psychosis, disturbed behavior and thought, and decline in functioning that lasts >6months. Increased DA activity

Answer 35

Schizophrenia

Question 36

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 36

Delusions, Hallucinations (Auditory), disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior

Question 37

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 37

Flat affect, social withdrawal, lack of motivation, lack of speech or thought

Question 38

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Answer 38

<1month of schizophrenia, usually stress related

Question 39

Schizophreniform Disorder

Answer 39

1-6months of schizophrenia

Question 40

Schizoaffective Disorder

Answer 40

at least 2 weeks of stable mood with psychotic symptoms, plus a major depressive, manic or both episode. 2 subtypes: Bipolar or Depressive

Question 41

Frequent cannibis use

Answer 41

Associated with psychosis/schizophrenia in teens

Question 42

Fixed, persistent, untrue belief system lasting >1month. | Woman who genuinely believes she is married to a celebrity when in reality she is not

Answer 42

Delusional Disorder

Question 43

Presence of 2 or more distinct identities or personaility states

Answer 43

Dissociative identity disorder

Question 44

Dissociative Identity Disorder associations

Answer 44

Hx of sexual abuse, PTSD, depression, substance abuse, borderline personality, and somatoform conditions

Question 45

Persistent feelings of detachment or estrangement from one's own body, thooughts, perceptions and, actions or environment

Answer 45

Depersonalization - detached from one's actions | Derealization - detached from one's own environment

Question 46

Abnormal range of moods or internal emotional states and loss of control over them

Answer 46

Mood disorder

Question 47

Severity of moods causing distress and impairment in social and occupational functioning

Answer 47

Mood Disorder

Question 48

Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable moood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting >1week

Answer 48

Manic Episode

Question 49

Manic episodes need at least 3 of the following

Answer 49

DIG FAST Distractibility, Irresponsibility (hedonistic, seeks pleasure w/o assessing consequences), Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, increase in goal-directed Activity/psychomotor Agitation, decrease need for Sleep, Talkativeness

Question 50

Abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood but no impairment of social/occupational functioning. Lasts >4days

Answer 50

Hypomanic Episode