Pathology

Question 1

Hypertrophy

Answer 1

Increase in structural proteins and organelles -> increase in size of cells.

Question 2

Hyperplasia

Answer 2

Controlled proliferation of stem cells and differentiated cells -> increase in number of cells. Excessive stimulation -> pathologic hyperplasia (eg, endometrial hyperplasia), which may progress to dysplasia and cancer

Question 3

Atrophy

Answer 3

decrease in tissue mass due to decrease in size (increase cytoskeleton degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and autophagy; decrease protein synthesis) and/or number of cells (apoptosis). Causes include disuse, denervation, loss of blood supply, loss of hormonal stimulation, poor nutrition.

Question 4

Metaplasia

Answer 4

Reprogramming of stem cells -> replacement of one cell type by another that can adapt to a new stress. Usually due to exposure to an irritant, such as gastric acid (-> Barrett esophagus) or cigarette smoke (-> respiratory ciliated columnar epithelium replaced by stratified squamous epithelium). May progress to dysplasia -> malignant transformation with persistent insult (eg, Barrett esophagus -> esophageal adenocarcinoma). Metaplasia of connective tissue can also occur (mg, myositis ossificans, the formation of bone within muscle after trauma).

Question 5

Dysplasia

Answer 5

Disordered, precancerous epithelial cell growth; not considered a true adaptive response. Characterized by loss of uniformity of cell size and shape (pleomorphism); loss of tissue orientation; nuclear changes (eg, increased nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio and clumped chromatin). Milk and moderate dysplasias (ie, do not involve entire thickness of epithelium) may regress with alleviation of inciting cause. Severe dysplasia often becomes irreversible and progresses to carcinoma in situ. Usually preceded by persistent metaplasia or pathologic hyperplasia.

Question 6

Carcinoma

Answer 6

malignant tumor of epithelial origin

Question 7

Sarcoma

Answer 7

malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin

Question 8

Adenoma

Answer 8

Benign tumor, epithelium cell type

Question 9

Papilloma

Answer 9

Benign tumor, epithelium cell type

Question 10

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 10

Malignant tumor, epithelium cell type

Question 11

Papillary Carcinoma

Answer 11

Malignant tumor, epithelium cell type

Question 12

Hemangioma

Answer 12

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in blood vessels

Question 13

Leiomyoma

Answer 13

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in smooth muscle

Question 14

Rhabdomyoma

Answer 14

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in striated muscle

Question 15

Fibroma

Answer 15

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in connective tissue

Question 16

Osteoma

Answer 16

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in bone

Question 17

Nevus/mole

Answer 17

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in melanocyte

Question 18

Lipoma

Answer 18

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in fat

Question 19

Leukemia

Answer 19

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in blood cells

Question 20

Lymphoma

Answer 20

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in blood cells

Question 21

Angiosarcoma

Answer 21

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in blood vessels

Question 22

Leiomyosarcoma

Answer 22

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in smooth muscle

Question 23

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 23

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in striated muscle

Question 24

Fibrosarcoma

Answer 24

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in connective tissue

Question 25

Osteosarcoma

Answer 25

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in bone

Question 26

Liposarcoma

Answer 26

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in fat

Question 27

Melanoma

Answer 27

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in melanocytes

Question 28

Tumor Grade

Answer 28

Degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity on histology. Ranges from low grade (well-differentiated) to high grade (poorly differentiated, undifferentiated or anaplastic)

Question 29

Tumor Stage

Answer 29

``` Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, presence of metastases. TNM staging T=Tumor size/invasiveness N=Node involvement M=Metastases ```

Question 30

ALK

Answer 30

oncogene | lung adenocarcinoma

Question 31

BCR-ABL

Answer 31

oncogene | CML, ALL

Question 32

BCL-2

Answer 32

oncogene | follicular and diffuse large B call lymphoma

Question 33

BRAF

Answer 33

oncogene | melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia

Question 34

c-KIT

Answer 34

oncogene | gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

Question 35

c-MYC

Answer 35

oncogene | Burkitt lymphoma

Question 36

HER2/neu (c-erbB2)

Answer 36

oncogene | Breast and gastric carcinomas

Question 37

JAK2

Answer 37

oncogene | Chronic myeloproliferative disorders

Question 38

KRAS

Answer 38

oncogene | colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer

Question 39

MYCL1

Answer 39

oncogene | lung tumor

Question 40

N-myc (MYCN)

Answer 40

oncogene | neuroblastoma

Question 41

RET

Answer 41

oncogene | MEN 2A and 2B, papillary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma

Question 42

APC

Answer 42

``` tumor suppressor gene colorectal cancer (associated with FAP) ```

Question 43

BRCA1/BRCA2

Answer 43

tumor suppressor gene | Breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers

Question 44

CDKN2A

Answer 44

tumor suppressor gene | melanoma, pancreatic cancer

Question 45

DCC

Answer 45

tumor suppressor gene | colon cancer

Question 46

SMAD4 (DPC4)

Answer 46

tumor suppressor gene | pancreatic cancer

Question 47

MEN1

Answer 47

tumor suppressor gene | multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

Question 48

NF1

Answer 48

tumor suppressor gene | neurofibromatosis type 1

Question 49

NF2

Answer 49

tumor suppressor gene | neurofibromatosis type 2

Question 50

PTEN

Answer 50

tumor suppressor gene | prostate, breast, and endometrial cancers

Question 51

Rb

Answer 51

tumor suppressor gene | retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma (bone cancer)

Question 52

TP53

Answer 52

tumor suppressor gene | most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Question 53

TSC1

Answer 53

tumor suppressor gene | tuberous sclerosis

Question 54

TSC2

Answer 54

tumor suppressor gene | tuberous sclerosis

Question 55

VHL

Answer 55

tumor suppressor gene | von Hippel-Lindau disease

Question 56

WT1

Answer 56

``` tumor suppressor gene Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) ```