Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Ophthalmology > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

(91 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Opacification of the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are potential causes of cataracts?

A

Age
Hypertension
Smoking
Trauma
Metabolic (e.g. diabetes)
Genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What produces pressure in the posterior eye?

A

The amount of vitreous fluid present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What produces pressure in the anterior eye?

A

The amount of aqueous humor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 main forms of glaucoma?

A

Primary open-angled glaucoma
Acute close-angled glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common form of glaucoma?

A

Primary open-angle

It is the result of poor drainage through the trabecular meshwork.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is affected in acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

Gap between the iris and lens has been narrowed, meaning fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork for drainage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which form of glaucoma has acute onset?

A

Close-angle glaucoma

May present with visual loss and severe headache.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is acute closed-angle glaucoma treated?

A

Laser iridotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is scleritis or episcleritis typically associated with painful eye movements?

A

Scleritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 forms of macular degeneration?

A

Age-related
Dry
Wet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is used to differentiate between dry and wet macular degeneration?

A

The degree of vascular proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What mediates the neovascularisation seen in wet macular degeneration?

A

VEGF

As vessels blocked, thus blood cannot get through.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why does eye appear dark in CRVO?

A

Lots of backed-up blood due to venous occlusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which distance vision is associated with large eyeballs?

A

Short-sightedness

Described as myopia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which distance vision is associated with small eyeballs?

A

Long-sightedness

Described as hypermetropia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can cause optic neuritis?

A

Demyelination

Most are unilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can OCT be used to identify?

A

The presence of drusen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes cotton wool spots to form?

A

Ischaemia of the retinal ganglion cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In which pathology are cherry red spots seen?

A

CRAO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Unilateral visual loss with macular sparing indicates which pathology?

A

Posterior cerebral stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the most common cause of diabetes in developed countries?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 eye conditions relate to diabetes?

A

Non-proliferative
Proliferative
Macular oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Microaneurysms, hard exudates, and intra-retinal haemorrhages, with no symptoms is descriptive of which level of diabetic retinopathy?

A

Mild-moderate non-proliferative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the 2 mechanisms involved in diabetic retinopathy?
Microvascular occlusion Microvascular disease
26
What do cotton wool spots represent?
Ischaemia A sign associated with more severe disease.
27
What occurs in proliferative retinopathy?
Neovascularisation Vitreous haemorrhage Traction
28
How may vitreous haemorrhage present?
If small, may describe floaters. If large, may describe severe/complete visual loss.
29
How is severe NPDR treated?
Pan-retinal photocoagulation Acts by decreasing total blood supply needed by the retina.
30
How is diabetic macular oedema treated?
Anti-VEGF therapy
31
How is vitreous haemorrhage/retinal detachment treated?
Vitrectomy
32
Which form of eye shape is associated with increased risk of retinal detachment?
Myopia Associated with a thin retina, which is more likely to tear.
33
What is the difference between retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous detachment?
Retinal detachment involves separation of the sensory retina from the RPE (basement layer). Rhegmatogenous detachment involves separation of RPE too. Following this, vitreous will get in behind RPE - resulting in retinal cell death.
34
Is a macular hole an ophthalmic emergency?
No - treat within 6 months.
35
Which cranial nerve is affected if eye appears internally rotated, pointed towards the nose?
CNVI palsy Lateral rectus muscle is not supplied innervation as a result.
36
How does bilateral CNIV palsy present?
Torsion and a depressed chin.
37
What nerve supplies 6 ocular muscles?
CN III
38
What muscle are innervated by CNIII?
Medial rectus Inferior rectus Superior rectus Inferior oblique Levator palpebrae superioris Sphincter pupillae
39
How does CNIII palsy present?
Closed eyelid, with eye deviated outwards and down. Pupil will also be dilated.
40
What is internuclear ophthalmoplegia?
Dysfunction of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, resulting in impaired abduction of the affected eye, and nystagmus on abduction of the contralateral eye.
41
What is the only cause of monocular blindness?
CNII palsy
42
What may cause optic nerve palsy?
Ischaemic optic neuropathy Optic neuritis Tumor
43
What is optic neuritis?
Unilateral, progressive visual loss, with colour desaturation, and a central scotoma. Recovery is gradual.
44
Is macula sparing seen in pathologies affecting the optic tracts/radiation?
No, only seen in disease of the occipital cortex. It is not spared in optic tract/radiation pathology.
45
What can cause myopia?
Too large eye Too much refractive power Cornea too curved
46
Which eye shape/vision-type is suited to a converging lens?
Long-sightedness/hypermetropia The focusses light earlier - making it meet on the retina.
47
What type of eye-sight is suited to a diverging lens?
Short-sightedness/myopia Delays the convergence of light.
48
What is affected in an astigmatism?
The shape of the cornea
49
What eye complications are associated with myopia?
Retinal detachment Open-angle glaucoma
50
What eye complications are associated with hypermetropia?
Closed angle glaucoma
51
What is presbyopia?
The reduction in lens contractility due to ageing. Results in decreased ability to focus.
52
What are common causes of sudden visual loss?
Age-related macular degeneration Bleed/Blocked vessel (e.g. vein/artery) Closed-angle glaucoma Detached retina Think 'ABCD' of sudden visual loss.
53
What is the major blood supplying artery to the eye?
Ophthalmic artery This is a branch of the internal carotid artery.
54
Is CRAO painful?
No - only symptom is sudden visual loss.
55
How will fundoscopy appear in CRAO?
Oedematous Pale 'Chery red' spot
56
What is transient CRAO called?
Amaurosis fugax
57
What supplies blood to the optic disc?
Posterior ciliary arteries
58
How does temporal arteritis present?
Visual symptoms Headache Tender scalp Enlarged temporal artery
59
What is the most common cause of blindness?
Age-related macular degeneration
60
What angle is affected in glaucoma?
That between the cornea and the iris.
61
What form of glaucoma is a medical emergency?
Closed angle glaucoma Occurs when iris moves forward due to pressure within the eye, blocking off the pathway for fluid to the trabecular meshwork.
62
How does closed-angle glaucoma present?
Severe pain Red eye Sudden visual loss Headache Nausea Vomiting Dilated pupil
63
Why does the pupil dilate in closed angle glaucoma?
Ischaemia of the iris sphincter
64
How is wet ARMD treated?
Anti-VEGF therapy
65
What are common causes of gradual visual loss?
ARMD Blur/Refractive error Cataracts Diabetes Glaucoma Think 'ABCDG' of gradual visual loss.
66
What may cause cataracts?
Age Congenital Diabetes Trauma Drug-induced (e.g. steroids)
67
What is the procedure for resolving a cataracts known as?
Phacoemulsification
68
What forms in dry ARMD?
Drusen These are lipid deposits on the retina.
69
How is dry ARMD managed?
Supportive only, no pharmacological options are available.
70
What form of visual defect results in focus infront of the retina?
Myopia
71
What form of visual defect results in focus behind the retina?
Hypermetropia
72
Is open-angled glaucoma an issue to do with angle patency?
No, it is an issue with drainage at the trabecular meshwork.
73
What is the difference between drusen and exudates?
Drusen is a build-up of waste products. Exudates are the leakage from vessels within the eye.
74
What should be suspected in those with bilateral optic disc swelling?
Raised ICP due to SOL.
75
What 3 components are crucial in determining ICP?
Brain Blood CSF
76
What may cause bilateral optic disc swelling in young obese women?
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
77
A stellate cataract is pathognomonic of which condition?
Myotonic dystrophy
78
How does neurofibromatosis type 1 present in the eye?
Optic glioma Lisch nodules Remember this is an autosomal dominant condition, linked with cafe-au-lait spots.
79
What is an optic glioma?
A lesion of that grows around the optic nerve, resulting in proptosis.
80
What are lisch nodules?
Bilateral yellow/brown dome-shaped nodules of the iris which are pathognomonic of NF1.
81
What is the most common cause of both unilateral and bilateral proptosis?
Thyroid eye disease
82
What should always be considered as a potential cause of unilateral proptosis?
Neoplastic growth
83
How should thyroid eye disease be treated?
Treat dysfunction of thyroid gland Smoking cessation Selenium supplementation Lubrication
84
What eye manifestations are linked with dermatomyositis?
Dry eyes Scleritis Be cautious of dermatomyositis as it can be a paraneoplastic syndrome.
85
What are common features of dermatomyositis?
Heliotrope rash (on eyelids) Gottron's papules Proximal muscle weakness
86
Which malignancies must be excluded in those with dermatomyositis?
Ovarian Breast Lung
87
What eye manifestation is associated with Marfan's syndrome?
A dislocated lens
88
How can dry eyes be diagnosed using fluoroscein?
Increased uptake of fluorescein indicates lots of small erosions on the cornea. Treat with lubricants.
89
Which drugs cause 'bullseye' maculopathy?
Hydroxychloroquine Chloroquine
90
Do steroids affect IOP?
Yes, cause a gradual rise in IOP bilaterally over a few months of therapy.
91

Ophthalmology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions