Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
A rare, chronic endocrine system disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones causing fatigue, lightheadedness upon standing, muscle weakness and pain, fever, weight loss, anxiety, nausea, diarrhea, and changes in personality.
A
Addison’s disease
2
Q
Addison’s disease may progress to __________, a severe illness which may include very low blood pressure.
A
Addisonian crisis
3
Q
A general term that often makes up the name of certain disorders meaning “inflammation of a gland,”
A
Adenitis
4
Q
inflammation of Bartholin’s gland or the greater vestibular gland
A
Bartholin adenitis
5
Q
A type of neuropathic pain in which stimuli that are not usually experienced as painful cause pain.
A
Allodynia
6
Q
A progressive, degenerative disorder of the brain involving the death of neural tissue that leads to loss of memory, deterioration of thinking and language skills, and pronounced behavioral changes.
A
Alzheimer’s disease
7
Q
A neurodegenerative disease of the motor neurons of the brain to the spinal cord (upper motor neurons) and the spinal cord to the peripheral nerves (lower motor neurons) that control muscle movement. The disease progresses rapidly, leading to loss of the ability to move muscles in the body. It is usually fatal within 3–5 years
A
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease)
8
Q
The condition of having a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin diminishing the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen. Symptoms include fatigue, paleness, palpitations and shortness of breath. Causes are idiopathic, nutritional (iron deficiency, folic acid or B12 deficiency), pernicious (intrinsic factor deficiency or Crohn’s disease), and others.
A
Anemia
9
Q
A term that means “chest pain” and refers to symptoms that occur when the heart muscle does not receive adequate oxygen. Angina pectoris indicates an underlying condition that places a person at risk for heart attack.
A
Angina pectoris
10
Q
The rapid onset of localized swelling. While it is usually caused by an allergy, it can also be idiopathic. Swelling typically occurs around the mouth, tongue, and throat, as well as the hands and eyelids. When it causes swelling to the tongue, larynx, or pharynx, it can obstruct airflow and be life-threatening.
A
Angioedema
11
Q
A benign tumor derived from cells of the vascular or lymphatic vessel walls (endothelium) or from cells of the tissue surrounding these vessels.
A
Angioma
12
Q
A condition where blood circulates to the organs and tissues of the body, but contains a below-normal amount of oxygen.
A
Anoxemia
13
Q
A condition characterized by an absence of oxygen supply to an organ or a tissue
A
Anoxia
14
Q
which is a limited supply of oxygen to an organ or tissue.
A
hypoxia
15
Q
A condition where excessive pressure builds up inside the anterior compartment composed of the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius causing pain, paresthesia, and swelling to the tissue and possibly severe tissue damage, loss of body function, or death.
A
Anterior compartment syndrome
16
Q
anticholinergic medications
A
reduce the tremors associated with Parkinson’s disease,
17
Q
dopaminergic medications
A
improve motor function through dopamine concentration and neurotransmission in the brain
18
Q
Anti-Parkinson medications
A
Medications that include anticholinergic medications that reduce the tremors associated with Parkinson’s disease, and dopaminergic medications that improve motor function through dopamine concentration and neurotransmission in the brain
19
Q
Side effects of Anti-Parkinson medications
A
agitation, confusion, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, heart palpitations, hypotension, insomnia, nausea, and restlessness.
20
Q
Medications that include antibacterial, antiviral, antitubercular, and antifungal medications that eliminate microorganisms or disrupt microorganism life cycles to prevent or treat infections. Side effects include nausea
A
Anti-infective medications
21
Q
Medications that increase the supply of oxygen to the heart
A
Antianginal medications
22
Q
Antianginal medications side effects
A
dizziness, fatigue, flushing, headache, hypotension, and weakness.
23
Q
Medications (also called sedatives) that reduce anxiety or induce sleep in conditions like insomnia
A
Antianxiety medications
24
Q
___________ sedatives depress the central nervous system and cause dependence and so are used for short periods of time only when a condition is severe
A
Barbiturate
25
Antianxiety medications Side effects
diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, drowsiness, fatigue, gastric irritation, headache, hypotension, muscle weakness, nausea, palpitations, vertigo, and vomiting.
26
Medications that normalize irregular heart rhythm
Antiarrhythmic medications
27
Antiarrhythmic medications side effects
anxiety, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, fatigue, headache, hypotension, insomnia, peripheral neuropathy, tremor, and weaknes
28
Massage precautions for Antiarrhythmic medications
Avoid stimulating techniques like tapotement or rhythmic compressions
29
Side effects of Anticonvulsant medications
Side effects include constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, fatigue, hair loss, headache, hypotension, indigestion, irritability, restlessness, sweating, and tremor.
30
Medications that reduce depression or the symptoms of affective disorders (disturbances in mood) and used to treat phobias, neurodermatitis
Antidepressant medications
31
Side effects Antidepressant medications
Side effects include anorexia, blurred vision, constipation, decreased sex drive, dizziness, dry mouth, drowsiness, edema, hair loss, hypertension, insomnia, lethargy, joint pain, muscle weakness, nausea, photosensitivity, rash, sudden blood pressure drop, and vomiting.
32
Insulin and other medications designed to either lower or raise glucose levels depending on the type of diabetes.
Antidiabetic medications
33
Antidiabetic medications side effects
bruising or scar tissue formation at the injection site, diarrhea, fatigue, flatulence, flushing, funny taste in mouth, heartburn, headache, hypoglycemia, nausea, photosensitivity, and vomiting.
34
Medications that decrease the peristaltic movement of the intestines and soothe the intestinal mucosa. Side effects include constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting.
Antidiarrheal medications
35
Antigen
A harmful substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.
36
Medications that block histamine to combat allergic reactions. Side effects include constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, hypertension, hypotension, increased heart rate, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, nausea, and vomiting.
Antihistamine medications
37
Medications that reduce blood pressure and are used to treat hypertension (may include vasodilators and diuretics). Side effects include depression, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, hypotension, numbness and tingling in the periphery, and weight gain.
Antihypertensive medications
38
Medications that lower cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid levels to treat atherosclerosis and to lower the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Side effects include constipation, fatigue, flatulence, headache, and nausea.
Antilipemic medications
39
Medications that reduce or control symptoms like delusions and hallucinations in conditions like schizophrenia or extreme agitation. Side effects, if they occur, are usually adverse and require medical intervention.
Antipsychotic medications
40
Antipsychotic medications
Medications that reduce or control symptoms like delusions and hallucinations in conditions like schizophrenia or extreme agitation. Side effects, if they occur, are usually adverse and require medical intervention.
41
Medications that suppress coughing. Side effects include constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, and nasal congestion.
Antitussive medications
42
Medications that eliminate Helicobacter pylori, a bacterial infection that causes peptic ulcers, or medications that balance acid and pepsin secretions and soothe mucosal membranes in the lower esophagus, stomach, and/or small intestine. Side effects include constipatio
Antiulcer medications
43
A side effect of many medications that includes sensations of apprehension, uneasiness of mind, or fear that is characterized by physiological signs such as sweating and increased heart rate and breathing patterns. Massage is indicated for this side effect.
Anxiety (side effect)
44
A broad term for a group of mental health conditions characterized by exaggerated, irrational fears and attempts to control them. Related conditions include general anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobias.
Anxiety disorders
45
A congenital disorder where blood vessels form abnormal connections between arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system: usually occurs in the central nervous system
Arteriovenous malformation
46
Commonly called hardening of the arteries. A condition in which fatty substances form a deposit of plaque on the inner lining of arterial walls, causing the walls to become less elastic (commonly called hardening of the arteries). Over time, atherosclerosis contributes to many heart diseases.
Atherosclerosis
47
A common type of dermatitis characterized by red, flaky, and dry patches occurring in creases (e.g., sides of the nose, knees, elbows, ankles, and hands).
Atopic dermatitis
48
A congenital heart defect in which the interatrial septum (the dividing wall between the atria) is defective or absent, allowing blood to flow directly between the atria of the heart. This causes lower-than-normal oxygen levels in the arterial blood that supplies the brain, organs, and tissue.
Atrial septal defect
49
general term for a group of complex developmental cognitive disorders, including Asperger's syndrome, Rett syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder.
Autism spectrum disorders
50
group of diseases resulting from a disordered immune reaction in which antibodies are produced against, and cause damage to, one's own tissues. Common autoimmune diseases include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Autoimmune diseases
51
A form of damage where something has been ripped off (e.g., skin, an ear, a finger, etc.).
Avulsion
52
is the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
Endometriosis
53
———is a group of signs and symptoms that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (last 2 weeks) and are relieved by its onset.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
54
A hormone released by the pituitary gland that controls the length and sequence of the female menstrual cycle, including ovulation and preparation of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. It stimulates ovarian production of both estrogen and progesterone. In males, it stimulates the testes to produce androgen
Lutinuezing hornmone
55
The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates contraction of smooth muscles of the pregnant uterus and mammary glands; it is key in stimulating labor, milk production, and mother/infant bonding.
Oxytocin
56
A sex hormone that causes the proliferation and vascularization of the epithelial lining of the uterus and acts with estrogen to initiate the menstrual cycle.
progesterone
57
What is anemia?
Anemia is reduced RBC count or reduced capacity of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to body cells.
58
What is another term for anemia?
Another term for anemia is erythrocytopenia.
59
What is Iron-deficiency Anemia?
Iron-deficiency Anemia is associated with a low iron count, which interferes with hemoglobin production.
## Footnote
This is the most common type of anemia.
60
What are Folate-deficiency and Pernicious Anemias caused by?
Folate-deficiency and Pernicious Anemias are caused by folate (folic acid) and B-12 deficiencies, two of the B vitamins.
61
What is Anemia of Chronic Disease?
Anemia of Chronic Disease can occur in people with chronic diseases such as autoimmune disease, kidney disease, or cancer.
62
What is Sickle Cell Disease?
Sickle Cell Disease is characterized by RBC malformation; RBCs are shaped like a sickle instead of a disc. Sickle cells have shorter life spans (20 days instead of 120 days), and they may cause blood clots and block blood flow to the heart, brain, or other organs. Sickle cell disease is also called sickle cell anemia.
63
What is Aplastic Anemia?
Aplastic Anemia results from bone marrow failure, leading to a decrease in RBCs, and often reduces WBC and platelet counts as well.
64
What is angina pectoris?
Chest pain or discomfort caused by a temporary reduction of blood flow to the heart.
65
What is angina the most common sign of?
Coronary artery disease (CAD).
66
How can massage help reduce angina symptoms?
By promoting relaxation.
67
What medication may be carried by clients for an angina attack?
Nitroglycerin.
68
What do nitroglycerin medications do?
Help dilate blood vessels, restore blood flow to the heart, and work quickly to stop an angina attack that has already started.
69
How long does it usually take for nitroglycerin to relieve symptoms?
1 to 5 minutes after administration.
70
What should be done if chest pain persists after three doses of nitroglycerin?
Call 911 as it may be related to a heart attack.
71
Why should the client not drive themselves to the emergency room if chest pain persists?
Due to the risk of sudden cardiac arrest.
72
What is atherosclerosis?
The presence of atherosclerotic plaque within arteries.
## Footnote
Plaque can increase blood pressure and clot formation.
73
What can atherosclerosis of the Coronary Arteries cause?
Angina pectoris, CAD, congestive heart failure (CHF), and MIs.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries can lead to heart attacks.
74
What can atherosclerosis of the Arteries of the Extremities cause?
Peripheral artery disease.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Atherosclerosis of the arteries of the extremities can lead to reduced blood flow to the legs.
75
What is arteriosclerosis?
The process of plaque accumulation within arterial walls causing them to become thick and rigid.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Arteriosclerosis can lead to decreased flexibility and narrowing of the arteries.
76
What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?
CHF is a chronic progressive heart condition affecting its ability to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
## Footnote
Also known as heart failure, CHF is not a single disease, but rather a syndrome or complication associated with other diseases.
77
What does the term 'congestive' describe in congestive heart failure?
The term 'congestive' describes what happens when the left or right sides of the heart begin to fail; blood and other fluids back up into, or congest, organs such as the lungs, liver, as well as abdomen and lower extremities.
78
What precaution should be taken after surgery to avoid shoulder movements?
Avoid passive shoulder movements on the side where the device is located for 6 to 8 weeks following surgery.
79
What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)?
The presence of atherosclerotic plaque within coronary arteries; these arteries supply the myocardium of the heart.
80
What happens when arteries are narrowed in CAD?
Reduced blood flow and ischemia, sometimes leading to MI.
81
How common is CAD?
It is the most common type of heart disease, causing over 370,000 deaths annually.
82
What are other names for CAD?
Ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerotic heart disease.
83
What is CAD?
CAD stands for coronary artery disease.
## Footnote
No massage modifications are needed for clients with CAD.
84
What is DVT?
DVT stands for deep vein thrombosis. It is a thrombus or blood clot within a deep vein, usually in the legs (from knee to ankle).
## Footnote
Thrombophlebitis occurs when the thrombus causes inflammation within a vein. Thrombi are composed of blood cells enmeshed in a fibrin network adhered to a vessel wall. An embolus is a mass floating through the intravascular space carried by blood. Emboli originating from a thrombus are called thromboemboli.
85
What are thrombi composed of?
Blood cells enmeshed in a fibrin network adhered to a vessel wall.
## Footnote
Example: Thrombi are commonly found in deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
86
What is an embolus?
A mass floating through the intravascular space carried by blood.
## Footnote
Example: An embolus can cause blockages in blood vessels.
87
What are emboli originating from a thrombus called?
Thromboemboli.
## Footnote
Example: Thromboemboli can lead to serious complications like pulmonary embolism.
88
What is it called when an embolus lodges in and occludes a blood vessel?
Embolism.
## Footnote
Example: Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening condition caused by embolism.
89
What is the most life-threatening acute complication of DVT?
Pulmonary embolism (PE), a partially or completely occluded artery in the lungs. Over time, PE causes the heart to work harder, which may lead to heart failure.
## Footnote
Example: Prompt treatment is crucial in preventing fatal outcomes of PE.
90
What is the collective term for DVT and PE?
Venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE and DVT are often used interchangeably.
## Footnote
Example: VTE requires immediate medical attention and treatment.
91
How can PE be prevented in clients diagnosed with DVT or VTE?
Avoiding massage to the affected lower extremity (thigh and leg). Leg massage has been linked to previous VTE incidents.
## Footnote
Example: Healthcare providers should be cautious when providing care to clients with a history of VTE.
92
What should be done for clients not diagnosed with DVT or VTE?
Identify clients at risk for DVT and look for signs and symptoms of DVT among clients identified as 'at risk.'
## Footnote
Example: Early detection and intervention can prevent complications associated with DVT.
93
What is hypertensive heart disease?
Heart disease caused by sustained high blood pressure or hypertension.
## Footnote
Hypertensive heart disease is the leading cause of death from high blood pressure.
94
Why is hypertension often called the 'silent killer'?
Because it typically has no symptoms and is often undiagnosed until after significant damage to the heart and arteries.
95
What is a myocardial infarction (MI)?
When blood flow to the heart is suddenly disrupted from a blocked or occluded vessel.
96
What can MIs lead to?
Cardiac arrest, sudden cessation of heartbeat, affecting blood flow to the brain and other vital organs.
97
What can cardiac arrest cause?
Death if not treated within minutes.
98
When is massage indicated for clients with hypertensive heart disease?
Clients with hypertensive heart disease. Clients taking antihypertensive medications may be prone to orthostatic hypotension.
99
How should massage be adjusted for clients who have had an MI?
If the MI is recent and the client is frail, use slowly applied light pressure. An example of light pressure is 3 on a 10-point pressure scale. If the client is further along in the recovery or has completely recovered, massage is indicated.
100
What is Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)?
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is the presence of atherosclerotic plaque within arteries outside the heart.
101
What are other names for PAD?
PAD is also called peripheral arterial disease, peripheral vascular disease, and atherosclerosis of the extremities.
102
What should you look for in signs and symptoms of DVT?
Look for signs and symptoms of DVT because of possible blood clots.
103
What is Phlebitis?
Phlebitis is inflammation of the veins without thrombus or blood clot formation.
104
What is Raynaud Disease?
Raynaud disease is periodic episodes of vasospasms, usually in the fingers and toes. It also can affect the tip of the nose, parts of the ears, parts of the cheeks, and the tongue.
## Footnote
During an attack, small and medium-sized arteries contract, which causes temporary ischemia. In light skin, a change in skin color (blue to purple) may be present. In dark skin, skin may appear paler. As vasospasms subside, blood flow is reestablished. An attack can be triggered by cold temperatures or emotional stress.
105
What is Primary Raynaud?
The condition is primary if it occurs without an underlying cause.
106
What is Secondary Raynaud?
Secondary Raynaud is caused by another disease, disorder, condition, or substance; secondary Raynaud is also called Raynaud syndrome or Raynaud phenomenon.
107
How can you help prevent a Raynaud attack?
To help prevent an attack, ensure the client is warm by using a blanket, an electric table warmer, raising the room temperature, or a combination of these. All forms of cryotherapy, including ice packs, are contraindicated as cold can trigger an attack. If the client experiences an attack during massage, apply superficial warming friction over the affected area. Warm towels can also be used. If hands or feet are involved during the attack, these can be submerged in warm water if available.
108
What are Varicose Veins?
Varicose veins are enlarged veins caused by defective valves. The condition can affect superficial or deep veins; superficial veins lack the muscle support of deep veins and are therefore more susceptible to varicose veins. These are usually in the legs but are also found in other parts of the body, such as the esophagus (esophageal varices) and rectum.
109
How should you approach massage for clients with varicosities?
Avoid the affected area if pressure causes pain. Clients with varicosities may benefit from massage, especially techniques applied with light pressure.
110
Fill in the blank: ___________ usually affects the skin of a single dermatome
Herpes zoster
111
A client’s jugular vein might be damaged during massage to the:
Anterior triangle
112
When are independent contractors required to pay taxes?
Quarterly
113
What is the concentric action of the psoas major?
Flexion and lateral rotation of thigh at hip joint
114
What is the function of the sartorius muscle when it acts as an isometric stabilizer?
Stabilizes the knee and hip joints
115
an aseptic technique that destroys all organisms by means of heat.
Sterilization
116
Three basic types of neurons
Afferent/sensory neorons
Connecting/associative interneurons
Efferent/motor neurons
117
Acute stage
The initial stage of the inflammatory response, lasting between 48–72 hours, where the body aims to limit blood loss, inundate the injured area with healing components, and remove damaged tissue. Tissue swelling is reduced with cold hydrotherapy and elevation; use massage to reduce muscle spasm intensity, decrease sympathetic nervous system firing, maintain available pain-free range of motion, prevent re-injury, and encourage client self-care.
## Footnote
Example: The acute stage is crucial for initiating the healing process after an injury.
118
Chronic inflammation
A condition where tissue repair and maturation do not progress normally and the tissue enters a recurrent inflammatory process.
## Footnote
Example: Chronic inflammation can lead to long-term tissue damage and dysfunction.
119
Compensating patterns
New behaviors that offset a weakness. For example, the body will adopt new movement patterns as a means to protect weakened or injured areas and to manage the resulting loss of function.
## Footnote
Example: Compensating patterns can develop to compensate for muscle imbalances or joint restrictions.
120
Congenital defects
A condition existing before birth, at birth, or during the first month of life that is characterized by structural deformities that involve defects in, or damage to, a developing fetus or baby.
## Footnote
Example: Congenital defects may require specialized medical care from birth.
121
Indirect contact
Transmission of a pathogen through contact with an inanimate object (called a fomite).
## Footnote
Example: Infections can spread through indirect contact with contaminated surfaces.
122
Inflammatory response
The response of living tissue to injury or infection. To repair the damage done to tissue, the body rapidly reacts to an injury or invasion of foreign bodies with a series of specific vascular, chemical, and cellular events. It is characterized by redness, heat, loss of function, pain, and swelling of the tissue. Inflammation functions to protect the body from pathogens, limit the amount of tissue that is affected or contaminated, and begin the healing process.
## Footnote
Example: Inflammation is a natural process that helps the body fight infections and heal injuries.
123
Insidious onset
When the onset of a disease is gradual and subtle.
## Footnote
Example: Insidious onset diseases may progress slowly without noticeable symptoms at first.
124
Maturation stage
The final phase of the inflammatory response where scar tissue formation slows and tissue is gradually able to withstand greater mechanical loads over time. Massage can balance muscular tension, reduce scar tissue, treat compensating structures, and encourage client self-care.
## Footnote
Example: Massage therapy can help improve tissue flexibility and function during the maturation stage of healing.
125
Metabolic diseases
A generic term for a wide range of conditions resulting from abnormal metabolic processes.
## Footnote
Example: Diabetes and thyroid disorders are examples of metabolic diseases.
126
Protozoa
Single-celled organisms regarded as the simplest form of life.
## Footnote
No additional information.
127
Repair stage
The second phase of the inflammatory response where new blood vessels develop and tissue regenerates. Also called the subacute stage. Early goals mimic acute stage goals. In the later repair stage, tissue health is improved with hot and cold contrast hydrotherapy; massage reduces trigger points and adhesions, promotes proper collagen alignment, increases range of motion, and encourages client self-care.
## Footnote
No additional information.
128
Signs
The objective evidence of a disease, condition, or physical disturbance gathered through assessment by the practitioner.
## Footnote
No additional information.
129
Subacute
The second phase of the inflammatory response where new blood vessels develop and tissue regenerates. Also called the repair stage. It lasts up to 8 weeks.
## Footnote
No additional information.
130
Symptoms
The subjective evidence of a disease, condition, or physical disturbance reported by the client.
## Footnote
No additional information.
131
Syndrome
A group of signs or symptoms that occur together to present a pattern that defines a particular disease.
## Footnote
No additional information.
132
Vector transmission
Transmission of a pathogen via an insect or animal capable of transmitting disease.
## Footnote
No additional information.
133
Vehicle transmission
Transmission of a pathogen through air, food, or liquid taken into the body.
## Footnote
No additional information.
134
Virus
Pathogens that take over a host cell, causing the cell nucleus to replicate both its own genetic material and that of the virus.
## Footnote
No additional information.
135
Golfer's Elbow Special Orthopedic Tests: AFROM
Usually painless
## Footnote
Example sentence: The patient demonstrated full active range of motion without pain.
136
Golfer's Elbow Special Orthopedic Tests: PR ROM
May have pain when extending wrist
## Footnote
Example sentence: The patient reported mild discomfort during passive range of motion testing.
137
Golfer's Elbow Special Orthopedic Tests: AR ROM
Painful on contraction of flexor tendons (pain increases with increased resistance)
## Footnote
Example sentence: The therapist noted increased pain with resisted active range of motion.
138
Golfer's Elbow Special Tests: Flexor Tendinosis Test (active)
Therapist tries to extend, client flexing. Positive sign- pain
## Footnote
Example sentence: The patient experienced sharp pain during the active flexor tendinosis test.
139
Golfer's Elbow Special Tests: Reverse Mills Test (passive)
Stretch the wrist into extension. (+) pain
## Footnote
Example sentence: Positive pain response was noted during the passive reverse Mills test.
140
Jumper's Knee or Patellar Tendinitis: What Happens
Inflammation of the patellar tendon, most commonly occurring at the tenoperiosteal junction inferior to the patella. The patellar tendon is the tendon of the four quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis) and is very strong.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The patient presented with localized tenderness just below the patella.
141
Jumper's Knee or Patellar Tendinitis: Causes
Overuse injuries, improper warm up, structural misalignment, cumulative microtrauma
## Footnote
Example sentence: The therapist discussed potential causes of patellar tendinitis with the patient.
142
Jumper's Knee or Patellar Tendinitis: Signs and Symptoms
Insidious onset of pain, aching and tenderness, usually just below the patella. Pain increases with activity and decreases with rest. Pain on climbing stairs or hills, and with kneeling. Pain may be sharp and infrequent at first but develop into a dull constant ache. Pain with arising from a chair or squatting position. Possible sweating. Patient may walk with a limp or toe walk.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The patient described a sharp, intermittent pain below the patella.
143
Jumper's Knee or Patellar Tendinitis: Massage Therapy Treatment
Massage helps in the healing process by increasing circulation, decreasing tightness in adjacent muscles and increasing flexibility and strength. Massage the patellar tendon with XFF (only in chronic), quadriceps, gastrocs, TFL, ITB, hamstrings, glutes. Treat trigger points in the quads, gastrocs, TFL, ITB, hamstrings and gluteal muscles. Note: During the acute stage, be sure to treat only proximally; no onsite or distal. May put ice on patellar tendon.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The therapist recommended a massage treatment plan to address the patient's patellar tendinitis.
