Pathology

Question 1

What makes up your morphological diagnosis?

Answer 1

organ, severity + timing( acute, subacute, chronic ) + distribution + process ( infection or disease)

Question 2

Causes of cell injury

Answer 2

-oxygen deprivation
-mechanical
-chemical agents
-infection
-immunological
-genetics
nutritional

Question 3

Name some reversible cell injury ( degeneration )

Answer 3

-cellular swelling
-fatty change
due to depletion of ATP

Question 4

Name irreversible cell injury

Answer 4

-necrosis
-apoptosis

Question 5

How tell difference between apoptosis and necrosic cell injury ?

Answer 5

-necrotic - pathological always and cell membranes damaged and inflammation
-apoptosis - patho or physiological , cell membrane intact , no inflammation

Question 6

What changes would you see in necrotic cell injury ?
microscopic and macroscopic

Answer 6

-microscopically - lots of eosinophills , pyknosis ( chromatin condense ) , karyolysis ( nuclear fading , karyorrhexis ( fragmented nucleus)

-macroscopic
- coagulative ( ischaemia ,cut off blood supply ) -liquefactive ( tissue into liquid viscous mass) -gangrenous (ischaemia and infection )
-caseous ( cheese like)
-fat necrosis (occurs in fat )

Question 7

infarction

Answer 7

cell death due to poor blood supply

Question 8

What morphological changes do you see in apoptosis ?

Answer 8

-cell shrink
-apoptotic bodies

Question 9

TRUE/FALSE sometimes cells adapt in response to stress to prevent cell injury

Answer 9

true

Question 10

Name types of adaptions cells can undergo under stress to prevent injury .

Answer 10

-hypertrophy -increase in size - bigger swollen
-hyperplasia - increase in number
-atrophy - shrink
-metaplasia - replaced by another cell type ( step on way to neoplasia)

Question 11

labile cells

Answer 11

routinely proliferate

Question 12

Causes of hypertrophy

Answer 12

-increased functional demand
-stim hormones
-growth factors
*same causes for hyperplasia

Question 13

When does atrophy occur pathologically ?

Answer 13

-decreased workload
-loss of innervation
-diminished blood supply

Question 14

How is metaplasia caused ?

Answer 14

-chronic irritation
-deficiencies
-trauma
-oestrogen toxicity

Question 15

What does neoplasia mean?

Answer 15

abnormal new growth of cells

Question 16

What anticoagulant tube do we use for blood ?

Answer 16

EDTA
serum/plasma

Question 17

How does haemolysis effect lab sample ?

Answer 17

• increase value of compounds/enzymes found in rbc
  -interfers if do test with colorimetry or chemical interactions

Question 18

How does lipaemia effect lab results ?

Answer 18

-effects colorimetry
-less aqueous

Question 19

Name and briefly describe what abnormalities you looking for in white blood cells in a blood smear .

Answer 19

neutrophills
-left shift - band
-right shift - hyper mature ( hypersegmented )
-toxic change -when made very quickly -vacuolation , blue cytoplasm , dohle bodies ( grey fuzzy)

Question 20

TRUE/FALSE rabbit ,reptiles and birds have heterophills - equivalent of neutrophill but granules stain red

Answer 20

true

Question 21

TRUE/FALSE cow typically get neutropenia in inflammation regardless of severity

Answer 21

true

Question 22

If bone marrow is dirupted in what order to neutrophills,platlets and RBC decrease

Answer 22

neutrophills , platlets , RBC

Question 23

How can you tell if a lymphocyte is reactive ?

Answer 23

-more cytoplasm - more purple , basophillic
-see golgi zone - white

Question 24

Why might eosinophills be high ?

Answer 24

-hypersensitivity
-parasitism

Question 25

How to calculate SD of a reference interval ?

Answer 25

reference interval difference / 4

Question 26

What are some indicators of liver /muscle damage ?

Answer 26

ALKP,ALT , AST , CK -- all leakage enzymes

Question 27

What are so indicators of pancreatic damage?

Answer 27

lipase,PLI

Question 28

What indicates thyroid damage ?

Answer 28

TgAA

Question 29

What indicates renal damage ?

Answer 29

casts

Question 30

What indicates heart damage ?

Answer 30

troponin I

Question 31

What indicates hepatic dysfunction ?

Answer 31

-bile acid , ammonia -albumin , glucose , bilirubin

Question 32

Indicator of pancreatic dysfunction

Answer 32

TLI

Question 33

Indicators of thyroid dysfunction

Answer 33

T4, TSH

Question 34

Indicators of renal dysfunction

Answer 34

creatinine ,USG, proteinuria

Question 35

Indicators of cardiac dysfunction

Answer 35

NT-proBNP

Question 36

What other reasons might liver enzymes be increased in addition to damage of liver ?

Answer 36

-disease -drugs - glucocorticoids

Question 37

TRUE/FALSE liver enzymes in cat have shorter half life so more worried when you see these increase

Answer 37

true

Question 38

TRUE/FALSE ALKP can be associated with non-hepatic disease

Answer 38

true - not liver specific

Question 39

What do we use to confirm the significance of higher glucose levels ?

Answer 39

fructosamine

Question 40

What might we suspect if we see hypercalcaemia ?

Answer 40

HOGSINYARD

Question 41

What might hypocalcaemia indicate?

Answer 41

-primary hypoparathyroidism -after pregnancy / a deficiency / pancreatitis with fat necrosis

Question 42

TRUE/FALSE haematogenous is a descending infection , urinary is an ascending infection in terms of UT

Answer 42

true

Question 43

Name and briefly describe infectious diseases of the kidney .

Answer 43

non-suppurative tubulointersitial nephritis ( not related to inflammation of kidney ) -lympho-histocytic inflammation - cause leptospira many causes suppurative interstitial nephritis ( related to inflammation of kidney ) -embolic nephritis ( descending ) - bacteria lodge in small capillaries ( bacteriemia) - -pyelonephritis ( ascending ) - inflammation of pelvis and renal parenchyma due to infection lower down

Question 44

Name lower urinary tract infections

Answer 44

-ureteritis -cystitis -urethritis

Question 45

Common causes of urinary tract pathology

Answer 45

- inflammatory nephro/uropathies -neoplasia - lesions secondary to renal failure

Question 46

Common neoplasia in UT

Answer 46

urothelial cell carcinoma -urothelial cells are epithelial cells - these line the UT