Pathology Flashcards by Markiesha Baines

What type of cell death does not result in inflammation?

cell injury

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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What type of cell death results in inflammation?

cell injury

Necrosis

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BAX and BAK are proteins that regulate what?

cell injury

Apoptosis. They form pores in the mitochondria which then releases cytochrome C into the cytosol

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Bcl-2 is a protein that regulates what?

cell injury

It prevents leakage of cytochrome C from the mitochondrial

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Bcl-2 overexpression is related to which disease?

cell injury

Follicular Lymphoma t[14;18]

cancer

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Bcl-2 is normally found on which chromosome?

cell injury

Chromosome 18

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The FAS receptor is also known as what?

cell injury

CD95

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What type of cells release digestive enzymes in liquefactive necrosis?

cell injury

Neutrophils

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What are the watershed areas of the colon?

cell injury

Splenic flexure and rectosigmoid junction

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Which arteries supply the splenic flexure?

cell injury

SMA and IMA

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Which arteries supply the rectosigmoid junction?

cell injury

IMA and internal iliac

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Psamomma Bodies are found in which conditions?

cell injury

Please MOM don’t forget the Milk.
Papillary Thyroid cancer
Meningioma
Serous Ovarian Cancer
Mesothelioma
Prolactinoma (milk)

cancer

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What is amyloidosis?

cell injury

Abnormal aggregation of various proteins

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Primary amyloidosis is an aggregate of what substance?

cell injury

AL (Primary) - results from aggregates of Ig Light Chains.
Seen in plasma cell disorders

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Secondary amyloidosis is an aggregate of what substance?

cell injury

AA (Secondary) - serum amyloid A which results from chronic inflammation

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Transthyretin amyloidosis results from what?

cell injury

Aggregation of transthyretin can be sporadic which is associated with old age OR a mutation (TTR) which is associated with familial cardiomyopathy

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Alzhemers Disease is associated with what kind of amyloidosis?

cell injury

Beta amyloid aggregates

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Which proteins/substances regulate vasodilation in inflammation?

inflammation

Histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin, nitric oxide

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Which substances regulate swelling in inflammation?

inflammation

leukotrienes, histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin

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Which substances regulate pain in inflammation?

inflammation

Bradykinin, PGE2, histamine

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Which substances regulate fever in inflammation

inflammation

IL-1 and TNF causes increased COX activity near the anterior hypothalamus leading to increased PGE2

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Acute phase reactants - role in inflammation

C- reactive protein
Ferritin/Hepcidin
Fibrinogen
Haptoglobin
Amyloid A

inflammation

C-reactive protein - fixes complement, specific for inflammation
Ferritin/Hepcidin - iron binding and decreasing iron absorption and release
Fibrinogen - clotting factor, promotes endothelial repair. Increases with inflammation
Haptoglobin - hemoglobin binding, protects against oxidative stress
**Amyloid A **- increases with inflammation. Leads to secondary amyloidosis if prolonged

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What kind of cells are primarily elevated in acute inflammation?

Neutrophils

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Which cells are primarily elevated in chronic inflammation?

Macrophages, T cells, B cells, Natural killer cells, plasma cells

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# Inflammatory or Not? Th1 cells Th2 cells

Th1 - Inflammatory Th2 - repair

What is the role of ferritin?

Binds and sequestor iron

What is the role of fibrinogen?

It is a coagulation factor that promotoes endothelial repair. Also upregulated with inflammation.

What is the role of haptoglobin? ## Footnote inflammation

Binds extra hemoglobin. Purpose is to protect against oxidative stress

What is the role of hepcidin? | inflammation

Decrease absorption of iron in the gut (ferroportin) and decrease iron release from macrophages. Involved in the pathophysiology of anemia of chronic disease.

What coat RBCs causing them to aggregate and increase the erythrocyte sedimentation rate? | inflammation

Fibrinogen

What substance from Th1 cells activate macrophages? What is the result? | inflammation

TH1 cells use **IFN-y** to activate macrophages. This results in an inflammatory process

What substances do Th2 cells use to activate macrophages? What is the result? | inflammation

**IL-4 and IL-13**. The result is a repair process.

# Sentence made to remember What are the steps of leukocyte extravation? | inflammation

Slow your body down, stick around 15 minutes baby, come over here late, let me eat it up.

# Actual steps What are the steps of leukocyte extravation? | inflammation

1. Margination and rolling 2. Adhesion 3. Diapedesis (transmigration) 4. Phagocytosis

# Slow your body down What substances are used in margination and rolling? | inflammation

P-Selectins (Weibel Pallade body) E-selectins (IL1 and TNF-a) Sialyl Lewis (on neutrophils)

# Stick around 15 minutes baby What substances are used in adhesion? | inflammation

IL1 and TNF-a (same as E-selectin) Integrins (on neutrophils) C5a LTB4

# Come over here late baby What substances are used in transmigration/diaPedesis? | inflammation

PECAM (on neutrophil) IL-8 C5a, LTB4

# IPR What are the phases of wound healing and days that it lasts? | inflammation

1-3 days = Inflammatory 3 days - weeks = Proliferative 1 week to months = Remodeling

What cells types dominate in the inflammatory phase of wound healing? | inflammation

Neutrophils, macrophages, and platelets. Used in clotting and cleaning

what is the dominating cell type in the proliferating phase of wound healing? | inflammation

Macrophages and fibroblasts

What substance is primarily made during the proliferative phase of healing? | inflammation

type III collagen

What cell type dominates during the remodeling phase of healing? | inflammation

Fibroblasts

What substance is primarily made during the remodeling phase of wound healing? | inflammation

Type I Collagen

What are granulomas? | inflammation

An inflammatory process which is how the body tries to isolate infection/chronic inflammation. They are made up of **macrophages and CD4 Th cells**

**Caseating** granulomas have what distinguishing feature? What dieseases are they associated with? | inflammation

**C**entral necrosis TB, fungus, infections

Non-caseating granulomas have what distinguishing feature? What diseases are they associated with? | inflammation

**No** central necrosis Sarcoidosis, Crohn Disease

What does a high grade neoplasia signify? ## Footnote neoplasia

Highly aggressive, undifferentiated

How is neoplasia staged?

T - tumor size N - nodes involved M- distant metastasis

Is grade or stage more important in neoplasia?

Stage. Metasasis is most indicitive of survival rate.

Which cancer has the highest incidence in men and women?

Men - prostate Women - breast

Which cancer has the highest mortality rate in men and women?

Lung cancer Second is prostate/breast

What kind of receptors are RET, ALK, EGFR, and HER2?

Receptor tyrosine kinase

What kind of receptors are BCR-ABL and JAK 2?

Non-receptor tyrosine kinase

What kind of receptor is BRAF?

Serine/threonine kinase

What kind of receptor is c-KIT?

Cytokine Receptori

What kind of receptor is c-myc and N-myc?

Transcription factor

What neoplasm is associated with ALK and EGFR (ERBB1)?

Lung adenocarcinoma

What neoplasms are associated with HER2?

Breast and Gastric carcinomas

What neoplasms are associated with RET?

MEN2A and 2B. Medullary and papillary thryoid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma

What neoplasms are associated with BCR-ABL?

CML, ALL

What neoplasm is associated with c-mycc?

Burkitt lymphoma

What neoplasm is associated with N-myc?

Neuroblastoma

What neoplasm is associated with KRAS?

Pancreatic, colorectal, lung, and endometrial cancers

What neoplasms are associated with BCL-2?

B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma

Aspergillus (found in nuts) is a carcinogen that can lead to what kind of cancer?

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Chemotherapy (alkylating) can lead to what kind of cancer?

Leukemia/lymphoma

Arsenic (found in herbicides) can cause what kinds of cancers?

Squamous cell carcinoma Lung cancer Hepatic angiosarcoma

Asbestos exposure can lead to what diseases?

Bronchogenic carcinoma and mesothelioma

Ionizing radiation can lead to what cancers?

Leukemia and papillary thyroid carcinoma

Nickel, chromium, beryllium, and silica exposure can lead to what kind of cancer?

Lung cancer

Nitrosamines (found in smoked meats) can lead to what kind of cancer?

Gastric cancer

Vinyl Chloride (used to make PVC pipes) can lead to what kind of cancer?

Liver cancer (Hepatic angiosarcoma)

EBV is associated with what cancers?

Burkitt Lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

HPV 16,18 is associated with which cancers?

Cervical and penile/anal carcinoma Head and neck cancer

Schistosoma haemotobium is associated with which cancer?

Squamous cell bladder cancer

HHV-8 is associated with which cancer?

Kaposi Sarcoma

# Serum marker Elevated Alkaline phosphatase can be associated with what in regards to cancer?

Metastasis to bone or liver

Elevated a-fetoprotein is associated with?

Hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, mixed germ cell tumor, ataxia-telangiectasia, and neural tube defects

Low a-fetoprotein in pregnancy is associated with?

Down Syndrome

hCG can be a marker of what?

Hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas Testicular cancer, mixed germ cell tumor

CA 15-3 and CA 27-29 are markers associated with what kind of cancer?

Breast cancer

CA 125 is a tumor marker of what kind of cancer?

Epithelial ovarian cancer

Elevated Calcitonin can be a tumor marker of what conditions?

MEN 2A and 2B

CA 19 can be a tumor marker of what disease?

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

What is acanthosis nigricans? What is it associated with? ## Footnote Paraneoplastic syndrome

Darkening of the skin at the axilla or behind the neck. Gastric adenocarcinoma

What is Sign of Leser-Trelat? What is it associated with?

A sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses GI adenocarcinomas

What is hypertrophic osteoarthropathy? What cancer is it associated with?

Abnormal proliferation of skin and bonat the distal extremities Associated with lung adenocarcinoma

HyperCalcemia can be part of a paraneoplastic syndrome of what diseases?

SCquAmous cell cell lung cancer Head and neck cancer Renal/bladder cancer Breast and ovarian carcinoma

High ACTH (Cushing's Syndrome) is seen as a paraneoplastic syndrome of what disease?

Small cell lung cancer

Elevated ADH (with hyponatremia) can be seen as a paraneoplastic syndrome of what disease?

Small cell lung cancer

Pathology Flashcards

(91 cards)