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PATHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

how long does it take for neurons to run out of ATP?

A

3 mins

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2
Q

how long does it take neurons to become red (dead) neurons?

A

12 hours -shrunken, hypereosinophilic

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3
Q

when do neutrophils invade in cerebral infarcts?

A

24-48 hrs

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4
Q

when do macrophages invade in cerebral infarcts?

A

72 hrs - 3 wks

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5
Q

when do you see these micropath findings in cerebral infarction: astrocyte proliferation around empty space, with their processes forming wall around the hole left behind

A

3 wks - 3 months

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6
Q

what is a dandy-walker formation?

A

agenesis of cerebellar vermis w/ cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle (fills the enlarged post. fossa) -assoc. w/ hydrocephalus & spina bifida

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7
Q

what are 4 possible causes of hydrocephalus in a baby?

A
  1. intraventricular matrix hemorrhage (premature infants)
  2. Arnold-Chiari malformation
  3. Dandy-walker malformation
  4. Spina bifida
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8
Q

what are 2 causes of hydrocephalus in an older child?

A
  1. tumor (ependymoma, medulloblastoma) 2. Infection
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9
Q

what are 2 causes of hydrocephalus in an adult?

A
  1. subarachnoid hemorrhage 2. tumor (astrocytoma, mets)
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10
Q

name the term: bruise an area of hemorrhage into soft tissue due to rupture of blood vessels caused by blunt trauma

A

contusion

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11
Q

what is the cause: necrotizing and hemorrhagic infection, involving the inferior and medial regions of the temporal lobes and the orbital gyri of frontal lobes

A

Herpes encephalitis

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12
Q

what are the 3 M’s of herpes simplex virus infection?

A

Multinucleation

Molded nuclei

Marginated chromatin note exception: brain, liver

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13
Q

what is the brain equivalent of a granuloma?

A

microglial nodule

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14
Q

HIV virus is most likely carried into the brain by what types of immune cells?

A

monocytes

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15
Q

name the micropath finding: round-oval eosinophilic or amphophilic cytoplasmic inclusions containing Rabies viral proteins and RNA

A

Negri body

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16
Q

what is the MC type of CNS primary lymphoma?

A

diffuse large B-cell

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17
Q

name the pathology: micropath has vascular & perivascular infiltration, primarily by large cells w/ oval nuclei & small amount of cytoplasm; in an immunosuppressed transplant pt

A

CNS primary lymphoma

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18
Q

metastatic lesions account for about what percentage of intracranial tumors?

A

about 1/4 to 1/2 (mets form sharply demarcated masses, often at the gray-white junction)

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19
Q

Tumors of which organs most commonly send mets to the brain?

Study These Flashcards
A

lung

breast

skin (melanoma)

kidney

GI tract

20
Q

what are the 2 major histopathologic findings of rabies?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. mononuclear cell infiltration, perivascular cuffing (lymphs or polys), nodules of glial cells
  2. negri bodies
21
Q

name the pathology: perivascular pseudorosettes

Study These Flashcards
A

ependymoma perivascular pseudorosettes: tumor cells are arranged around BVs w/ an intervening zone containing thin ependymal processes

22
Q

which brain tumor is one of the “small round blue cell “ tumors?

Study These Flashcards
A

medulloblastoma

23
Q

what are homer-wright rosettes, and which brain tumor has them?

Study These Flashcards
A

homer-wright rosettes= primitive tumor cells surrounding central neuropil Seen in medulloblastomas (kids)

24
Q

which inflammatory cytokine is the main effector of injury in alocholics?

25
about what percentage of alcoholics get cirrhosis?
15%
26
how many yrs of chronic alcoholism does it take to get cirrhosis?
15 yrs
27
which hormone is released post-prandially by endocrine cells in the ileum and colon, is a satiety signal?
Peptide YY
28
asians are considered overweight at what BMI?
23-24.9
29
asians are considered obese at what BMI?
\>25
30
what cytokine is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced exclusively by adipocytes.
adiponectin
31
what does adiponectin do?
enhances insulin sensitivity & inhibits many steps in the inflamm. process note: this is reduced in the metabolic syndrome
32
what does leptin do?
secreted from adipose, goes to hypothalamus, where it reduces food intake by stimulating POMC/CART neurons & inhibiting NPY/AgRP neurons Also increases energy expenditure by stimulating physical activity, energy expenditure and thermogenesis
33
which adult brain tumor is pseudopalisidating ?
glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma)
34
Tumoral CDKN2A deletions or inactivations are seen in what two tumors?
70% of glioblastomas 75% of Pancreatic carcinomas
35
What is the mnemonic for Ring-enhancing lesions on MRI?
M-metastasis A-abscess G-Glioblastoma multiforme I-infarct (subacute phase) C-Contusion D-Demyelinating Dz R-Radiation necrosis or Resolving hematoma L-Lymphoma
36
what is stertorous breathing?
heavy snoring or gasping sound; heard during post-ictal phase
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are most commonly polymicrobial, due to a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic oral flora bacteria.
brain abscesses
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are most commonly polymicrobial, due to a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic oral flora bacteria.
brain abscesses
39
which blood alcohol level is legally drunk driving in most states?
80 mg/dL
40
what blood alcohol level causes stupor in most people?
300 mg/dL
41
what blood alcohol level causes stupor in most people?
300 mg/dL
42
which infection characteristically begins with the abrupt onset of fever, headache, myalgia, & malaise following an incubation period of about 2 days?
influenza
43
what do you call the fruiting bodies of aspergillus?
conidiophores note: specific but rarely seen in tissue b/c it requires contact with air
44
what do you call the fruiting bodies of aspergillus?
conidiophores note: specific but rarely seen in tissue b/c it requires contact with air
45
what part of the GI tract do ascaris worms like to live?
small intestine
46
which part of the GI tract do whipworms like to live?
colon

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