Pathology Flashcards
Beaded Appearance
Stenosis or occlusion of one or both renal arteries, resulting in Renovascular Hypertension. ICA & VA can also be affected. Almost always bilateral when ICA involved.
Most common in Caucasian females.
Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD)
Smooth, long & concentric stenoses
Giant-cell necrotizing arteritis that affects the aorta and its major branches, often affecting pulmonary arteries and proximal portion of the BC vessels. Pulseless upper extremities.
Most common in young Asian females.
Takayasu’s Arteritis
(Aortic Arch Syndrome)
(Pulseless Disease)
Caused by blockage of the SCA, near VA resulting in backflow of blood. Flow is usually reversed in the VA. There will be different BP reading in LUE/RUE.
Subclavian Steal Syndrome (SSS)
Occurrence of transient monocular blindness caused by temp ischemia.
Amaurosis Fugax
Cluster of tangled vessels, Large hypertrophied tortuous vessels leading to cluster, rapid filling vessels.
Atriovenous Malformation (AVM)
Weak or thin spot on a blood vessel in the brain that balloons out and fills with blood.
Headache, weakness, dizziness, confusion, facial pain, ears ringing, & vision problems. 50% eventually rupture.
Cerebral Aneurysm
Intracranial/Intracerebral Aneurysm
Congenital condition in which a portion of the bony spinal canal is absent.
Spina Bifida
Increased intracranial pressure that results in distention of the optic disc.
Papilledema
The #1 cause of renal artery narrowing.
Lesions often bilateral and vary from smooth to irregular, concentric or eccentric.
Stenosis due to ASD is most prevalent in the proximal 2 cm of the renal artery
Typically affects older patients.
Atherosclerosis
A malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in pedi patients, usually before the age of 5.
Signs/Symptoms: hypertension, hematuria, pain
Tumor can be palpated
Wilms’ Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
A term describing a group of symptoms:
pain, vomiting, cramping, diarrhea, weight loss.
Caused by chronic poor blood flow (mesenteric artery arterial ischemia.
Cholesterol buildup (atherosclerosis) in mesentery is most common cause.
Intestinal Angina
Obstruction of the hepatic portal system, caused by blockage in the liver’s blood supply that may be caused by cirrhosis, liver disease, or cardiac disease, and can result in backflow of blood into the veins of the esophagus which results in bleeding.
Portal Hypertension
Swelling (inflammation), scarring, and destruction of the bile ducts inside and outside of the liver.
Appears as either “SHAGGY” lesions or alternating short “BEADED” stenoses.
Sclerosing Cholangitis
Enlarged arteries with “CORKSCREW” shape with irregular venous filling of the branches
Peripheral occlusions with a “PRUNED-TREE” appearance
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Chronic congestive enlargement of the spleen resulting in premature destruction of the red blood cells by the spleen.
Form of portal hypertension involving several organ systems
Appearance of hepatic hepatic veins at acute angles, or a “WEEPING WILLOW” configuration.
Banti Syndrome
Heavy bleeding follows a break in the mucous membrane of the esophaghus.
Caused by repeated vomiting.
Surgery usually necessary to repair membrane.
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
A localized bulging of the artery wall, usually caused by atherosclerosis and increased blood pressure.
Often involve the abdominal aorta.
Aneurysm
3 types:
Fusiform, Saccular, Dissecting
Bulging of the entire circumference of the vessel wall.
Fusiform Aneurysm
Bulging of one side of the vessel wall.
Saccular Aneurysm
Disruption of the intima (inner layer) where blood enters the wall & separates its layers.
Dissecting Aneurysm
Blood enters the wall and separates the layers of the aorta
Majority occur @ aortic isthmus, small percent present @ aortic root.
In patients under 40, aortic disruption is commonly associated with Marfan’s Syndrome, Coarctation of the aorta, or pregnancy
Aortic Dissection
2 Classifications: Type A & B
Involving the ascending aorta & usually requiring immediate graft placement to prevent mortality.
Type A: Aortic Dissection
All others, which can be managed medically or with surgical intervention.
Type B: Aortic Dissection
Inherited condition with excess length of the bones, associated with changes in the circulatory system, including abnormal connective tissue and tearing of the aorta (dissection).
Marfan’s Syndrome