Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Beaded Appearance

Stenosis or occlusion of one or both renal arteries, resulting in Renovascular Hypertension. ICA & VA can also be affected. Almost always bilateral when ICA involved.

Most common in Caucasian females.

A

Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD)

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2
Q

Smooth, long & concentric stenoses

Giant-cell necrotizing arteritis that affects the aorta and its major branches, often affecting pulmonary arteries and proximal portion of the BC vessels. Pulseless upper extremities.

Most common in young Asian females.

A

Takayasu’s Arteritis
(Aortic Arch Syndrome)
(Pulseless Disease)

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3
Q

Caused by blockage of the SCA, near VA resulting in backflow of blood. Flow is usually reversed in the VA. There will be different BP reading in LUE/RUE.

A

Subclavian Steal Syndrome (SSS)

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4
Q

Occurrence of transient monocular blindness caused by temp ischemia.

A

Amaurosis Fugax

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5
Q

Cluster of tangled vessels, Large hypertrophied tortuous vessels leading to cluster, rapid filling vessels.

A

Atriovenous Malformation (AVM)

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6
Q

Weak or thin spot on a blood vessel in the brain that balloons out and fills with blood.

Headache, weakness, dizziness, confusion, facial pain, ears ringing, & vision problems. 50% eventually rupture.

A

Cerebral Aneurysm

Intracranial/Intracerebral Aneurysm

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7
Q

Congenital condition in which a portion of the bony spinal canal is absent.

A

Spina Bifida

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8
Q

Increased intracranial pressure that results in distention of the optic disc.

A

Papilledema

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9
Q

The #1 cause of renal artery narrowing.

Lesions often bilateral and vary from smooth to irregular, concentric or eccentric.

Stenosis due to ASD is most prevalent in the proximal 2 cm of the renal artery

Typically affects older patients.

A

Atherosclerosis

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10
Q

A malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in pedi patients, usually before the age of 5.

Signs/Symptoms: hypertension, hematuria, pain

Tumor can be palpated

A

Wilms’ Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

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11
Q

A term describing a group of symptoms:
pain, vomiting, cramping, diarrhea, weight loss.

Caused by chronic poor blood flow (mesenteric artery arterial ischemia.

Cholesterol buildup (atherosclerosis) in mesentery is most common cause.

A

Intestinal Angina

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12
Q

Obstruction of the hepatic portal system, caused by blockage in the liver’s blood supply that may be caused by cirrhosis, liver disease, or cardiac disease, and can result in backflow of blood into the veins of the esophagus which results in bleeding.

A

Portal Hypertension

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13
Q

Swelling (inflammation), scarring, and destruction of the bile ducts inside and outside of the liver.

Appears as either “SHAGGY” lesions or alternating short “BEADED” stenoses.

A

Sclerosing Cholangitis

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14
Q

Enlarged arteries with “CORKSCREW” shape with irregular venous filling of the branches

Peripheral occlusions with a “PRUNED-TREE” appearance

A

Alcoholic Cirrhosis

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15
Q

Chronic congestive enlargement of the spleen resulting in premature destruction of the red blood cells by the spleen.

Form of portal hypertension involving several organ systems

Appearance of hepatic hepatic veins at acute angles, or a “WEEPING WILLOW” configuration.

A

Banti Syndrome

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16
Q

Heavy bleeding follows a break in the mucous membrane of the esophaghus.

Caused by repeated vomiting.

Surgery usually necessary to repair membrane.

A

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

17
Q

A localized bulging of the artery wall, usually caused by atherosclerosis and increased blood pressure.

Often involve the abdominal aorta.

A

Aneurysm

3 types:
Fusiform, Saccular, Dissecting

18
Q

Bulging of the entire circumference of the vessel wall.

A

Fusiform Aneurysm

19
Q

Bulging of one side of the vessel wall.

A

Saccular Aneurysm

20
Q

Disruption of the intima (inner layer) where blood enters the wall & separates its layers.

A

Dissecting Aneurysm

21
Q

Blood enters the wall and separates the layers of the aorta

Majority occur @ aortic isthmus, small percent present @ aortic root.

In patients under 40, aortic disruption is commonly associated with Marfan’s Syndrome, Coarctation of the aorta, or pregnancy

A

Aortic Dissection

2 Classifications: Type A & B

22
Q

Involving the ascending aorta & usually requiring immediate graft placement to prevent mortality.

A

Type A: Aortic Dissection

23
Q

All others, which can be managed medically or with surgical intervention.

A

Type B: Aortic Dissection

24
Q

Inherited condition with excess length of the bones, associated with changes in the circulatory system, including abnormal connective tissue and tearing of the aorta (dissection).

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

25
Nerve disorder that features abnormal sensation of the fingers, often associated with pain & weakness. May be caused by nerve root pressure from a disc, or pressure of a middle nerve in the carpal tunnel (carpal tunnel syndrome), with resulting compression of the arteries, veins, and nerves in the upper extremity. Diagnosis confirmed by performing an aortic arch or selective subclavian exam, and maneuvering the upper extremity in various positions.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
26
Narrowing of the Aorta. Congenital condition causing stenosis of the thoracic aorta resulting in increased pressure on the side of the effect and decreased pressure on the opposite side. Elevated bp in arms & head Low bp in lower extremities Surgical repair needed.
Coarctation of the Aorta
27
A gradual blockage of the infrarenal abdominal aorta, associated with atherosclerotic disease. Symptoms: butt, thigh, and/or calf claudication, and impotence in males.
Leriche Syndrome | Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease
28
Excessivey reduced blood flow in response to cold or emotionalstress, causing discoloration of the fingers, toes, and occasionaly other areas.
Raynaud's Phenomenon 2 Types: Primary or Secondary
29
Presence of bilateral episodes with symptoms occurring over a period of 2 years and an absence of gangrene. Cause is unknown.
Primary Raynaud's Phenomenon
30
Excessivey reduced blood flow in response to cold or emotional stress, causing discoloration of the fingers, toes, and occasionaly other areas. Linked to underlying disease such as connective tissue disorder.
Secondary Raynaud's Phenomenon
31
A condition in which the small & medium arteries are inflamed and clotted and veins close. caused by smoking SYMPTOMS: burning, tingling, numbness, gangrenous ulcerations in fingertips/feet
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)
32
Flow is shunted through CoW to the VA & SCA to supply muscles in the involved limb. SYMPTOMS: Attacks of paralysis, pain behind ear & back of skull.
Subclavian Steal Syndrome
33
Pain in the lower limbs with cramps in the calves caused by poor circulation. Related to atherosclerotic disease.
Claudication
34
Involves the lower extremities; it often progresses in severity from claudication to ischemic pain at rest, and finally to tissue necrosis.
Arteriosclerotic Occlusive Disease (AOD) AKA: Arteriosclerotic Obliterans
35
Tissue necrosis caused by bacterial infection and/or the loss of blood supply to a tissue.
Gangrene
36
Dilated, tortuous veins, usually involving the superficial veins. Valves become less serviceable, and the increased blood volume in these areas cause calcified clots (phleboliths) that are radiographically visible.
Varicose Veins
37
A group of symptoms associated with obstruction of the SVC that include head, neck, and periorbital edema; cyanosis; venous distention; and syncope. Caused by tumor masses & mediastinal fibrosis.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome | SVC Syndrome