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Respiratory SB > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is lobar pneumonia and what is it most often caused by

A

Confluent consolation involving a complete lung lobe

Streptococcus pneumonia

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2
Q

what is the classical acute inflammatory response

A

exudation of fibrin rich fluid
neutrophil infiltration
macrophage infiltration
resolution

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3
Q

what is bronchopneumonia and when does it most often occur

A

Infection starting in airways and spreading to adjacent alveolar lung.
In the context of pre-existing disease (i.e. often seen in hospitals)

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4
Q

what is a lung abscess and when is it often seen

A

Localise collection of pus

After aspiration for pneumonia

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5
Q

what is the pathology of bronchiectasis

A

Abnormal fixed dilatation of the bronchi usually due to fibrous scarring following infection

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6
Q

what is TB

A

a type IV hypersensitivity

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7
Q

what does t-cell response cause

A

granulomatous inflammation, tissue necrosis and scarring

hypersensitivity (type IV)

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8
Q

what is primary TB pathway

A

1 - inhaled organism phagocytosed and carries to hilar lymph nodes
2 - immune activation
3 - granulomatous response in nodes

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9
Q

what is secondary TB

A

reinfection or reactivation of disease in a person with some immunity
disease tends initially to remain localised, often in apices of lung

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10
Q

what are the primary tissue changes in TB

A 
Small focus (Ghon focus) in periphery of mid zone of lung
Large hilar nodes (granulomatous)
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11
Q

what are the secondary tissue changes in TB

A

Fibrosing and cavitating apical lesion

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12
Q

why does disease reactivate

A

Decreased T-cell function

due to - age, HIV, immunosuppressive therapy

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13
Q

what is the early stage of ILD

A

alveolitis

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14
Q

what is the later stage of ILD

A

fibrosis

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15
Q

what are the clinical affects of ILD due to

A

hypoxia (resp failure) and cardiac failure

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16
Q

where is the pathology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

subpleural and basal fibrosis

Terminal lung structure replaced by dilated spaces surrounded by fibrous wall (Honeycombing)

17
Q

what is the early and late stage of IPF

A

early - fibrosing alveolitis

late - honeycombing

18
Q

what are complications in fibrosing alveolitis

A

plural surface much thicker; resistant to inflation for breathing and gas transfer.

19
Q

what are complications in honeycombing

A

difficult for gas exchanged, and for inflation.

20
Q

what types of hypersensitivity is EAA

A

Type III hypersensitivity - antibody mediated

Type IV hypersensitivity - T cell chronic hypersensitivity reaction

21
Q

what fibres of asbestos are curved and are they safe or dangerous

A

Serpentine

Safe

22
Q

what fibres of asbestos are amphibole and are they safe or dangerous

A

Straight

dangerous

23
Q

what is the pathogenesis of ARDS

A

1 - Injury - inflammatory cells, cytokines, oxygen free radicals, injury to cell membrane
2 - Fibrinous exudate lining alveolar walls
3 - Cellular regeneration
4 - Inflammation

24
Q

what is Virchow’s triad

A

stasis of blood flow, endothelial injury, hyper-coagulability

25
Q

what causes pulmonary infarct (ischaemic necrosis)

A

Bronchial artery supply compromised (e.g. cardiac failure)

26
Q

who gets primary pulmonary hypertension

A

young women

27
Q

what are causes of pulmonary hypertension

A
  • Hypoxia (vascular constriction)
  • Increased flow through pulmonary circulation (congenital heart disease)
  • Blockage (PE) or loss (emphysema) of pulmonary vascular bed
  • Back pressure from left sided heart failure
28
Q

what is Cor Pulmonale

A

Pulmonary hypertension complicating lung disease
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Right ventricular dilatation
Right heart failure

29
Q

what is the pleura

A

A mesothelial surface lining the lungs and mediastinum

30
Q

what are mesothelial cells designed for

A

fluid absorption

31
Q

what are two possible causes of pneumothorax

A

trauma

rupture of bulla

32
Q

what is the cell type of mesothelioma

A

Mixed epithelial/mesenchymal differentiation

Respiratory SB (14 decks)

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