Pathology

Question 1

what cells make up the outer ear?

Answer 1

epidermis

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 2

what cells make up the middle ear?

Answer 2

columnar lined mucosa

Question 3

what is the biggest salivary gland?

Answer 3

parotid

Question 4

what is otitis media?

Answer 4

inflammation of the middle ear

Question 5

what is the most common cause of otitis media?

Answer 5

viral

Question 6

if the otitis media is an acute infection what are the 3 most common bacterial pathogens?

Answer 6

• Strep pneumoniae
• H. influenzae
• Moxarella Catarrhalis

Question 7

if the otitis media is a chronic infection what is the most common bacterial pathogen?

Answer 7

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 8

what is a cholesteatoma?

Answer 8

abnormally situated squamous epithelium

Question 9

what is a pathogenesis of a cholesteatoma?

Answer 9

• perforated tympanic membrane

- chronic otitis media

Question 10

what is a schwannoma?

Answer 10

a benign tumour of a peripheral nerve sheath cell (schwannoma)

Question 11

what is a vestibular schwannoma?

Answer 11

a schwannoma of the CN VIII

Question 12

where are vestibular schwannomas located?

Answer 12

cerebellopontine angle of the temporal bone

Question 13

if bilateral vestibular schwannomas are found in a young patient what should you consider?

Answer 13

neurofibromatosis type 2

Question 14

do nasal polyps tend to be painful or painless?

Answer 14

painful

Question 15

what vasculitis can present with lots of ENT problems?

Answer 15

GPA

Question 16

what ANCA is involved in GPA?

Answer 16

cANCA

Question 17

what is a nasal polyp?

Answer 17

an outpouching of mucosa

Question 18

if there is a malignant carcinoma within the ENT system, what type is it likely to be?

Answer 18

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 19

what is a schneiderian papilloma?

Answer 19

benign tumour of the respiratory epithelium of the nose

Question 20

what virus has a strong association with nasopharyngeal carcinomas?

Answer 20

Epstein Barr Virus

Question 21

what cells are very prominent in a nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Answer 21

epithelial cells and lymphocytes

Question 22

what is a laryngeal polyp or node?

Answer 22

a reactive change in mucosa secondary to vocal abuse, infection or smoking

Question 23

compare laryngeal polyps to laryngeal nodes?

Answer 23

nodes are usually bilateral

polyps are unilateral and pedunculated

Question 24

what is a contact ulcer?

Answer 24

benign response to injury (eg GORD)

a break in the epithelium below the basement membrane

Question 25

squamous papillomas within the ENT system are related to exposure of what virus?

Answer 25

HPV types 6 and 11 | low risk- ie benign lesions

Question 26

what is a paraganglioma?

Answer 26

a tumour arisin in clusters of neuroendocrine cells

Question 27

what is the difference between chromaffin positive and non-chromaffin paragangliomas?

Answer 27

chromaffin positive secrete catecholamines | non-chromaffin ones dont

Question 28

what nervous system are chromaffin positive paragangliomas from?

Answer 28

sympathetic

Question 29

where do non-chromaffin paraganggliomas tend to occur?

Answer 29

above the diaphragm

Question 30

what type of MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) do paragangliomas fit with?

Answer 30

MEN 2

Question 31

squamous cell carcinoma within the ENT system are related to exposure of what virus?

Answer 31

HPV type 16 and 18 | high risk ie malignant lesions

Question 32

what are the majority of squamous cell carcinomas in the ENT system caused by?

Answer 32

smoking and alcohol

Question 33

what is sialolithiasis?

Answer 33

stones within the salivary glands

Question 34

compare size of salivary gland a tumour is located in to the likelihood of it being malignant?

Answer 34

the smaller the gland the tumour is in, the more likely it is to malignant

Question 35

what is the most common tumour of the salivary glands?

Answer 35

pleomorphic adenoma | benign

Question 36

what salivary gland are pleomorphic adenomas more likely to occur in?

Answer 36

parotid

Question 37

what has a strong association with Warthin's tumour? (benign tumour of salivary gland)

Answer 37

smoking

Question 38

what is the most common malignant tumour of the salivary glands?

Answer 38

``` mucoepidermoid carcinoma (worldwide) adenoid cystic carcinoma (UK) ```