Physiology

Question 1

what dictates pitch of a sound wave?

Answer 1

frequency

Question 2

what dictates intensity of a sound wave?

Answer 2

amplitude

Question 3

what frequencies can human perceive?

Answer 3

20 Hz to 20000 Hz

Question 4

what is the frequency of ultrasound?

Answer 4

greater than 20 000 Hz

Question 5

what is microtia?

Answer 5

a congenital abnormality where the pinna hasn’t deveoped fully

Question 6

what is anotia?

Answer 6

a congenital abnormality where there is no pinna

Question 7

what is the function of the eustachian tube?

Answer 7

ventilation of middle ear

Question 8

what are the 3 maneouvres which can be done to equalise the ear pressure by opening the eustachian tube?

Answer 8

• yawning
• swallowing
• valsalvar maneouvre

Question 9

the stapes vibrates the oval window and causes fluid to move in which- the scala vestibuli or scala tympani?

Answer 9

scala vestibuli

Question 10

what is the receptor organ for hearing?

Answer 10

organ of Corti

Question 11

what membrane of the organ of Corti are hair cells containing stereocilia located on?

Answer 11

basilar membrane

Question 12

how many turns does the cochlea have?

Answer 12

2.5

Question 13

comaprae scala media, scala tympani and scala vestibuli in terms of endolymph or perilymph?

Answer 13

scala media- endolymph
scala tympani- perilymph
scala vestibuli- peripymph

Question 14

what is another name for scala media?

Answer 14

cochlear duct

Question 15

what is another name for scala vestibuli?

Answer 15

vestibular duct

Question 16

what is another name for scala tympani?

Answer 16

tympanic duct

Question 17

compare inner and outer hair cells?

Answer 17

inner hair cells pick up sound frequencies

outer hair cells modulate the sound

Question 18

what causes tinnitus?

Answer 18

damaged outer hair cells

Question 19

within the cochlea, where are high frequency sounds picked up?

Answer 19

base of the cochlea

Question 20

within the cochlea, where are low frequency sounds picked up?

Answer 20

apex of the cochlea

Question 21

what is the central pathway for sound actionp potentials?

Answer 21

ECOLI
E - eight cranial nerve
C - cochlear nerve
O - (superior) olivary complex
L - lateral lemniscus
I - inferior colliculus

Question 22

where is the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 22

within the superior temporal gyrus within the temporal lobe

Question 23

what are the 5 vestibular end organs?

Answer 23

superior, lateral and posterior semi circular canals
utricle
saccule

Question 24

what branch of CN VIII supplies the utricle?

Answer 24

superior vestibular nerve

Question 25

what branch of CN VIII supplies the saccule?

Answer 25

inferior vestibular nerve

Question 26

what branch of CN VIII supplies the superior canal?

Answer 26

superior vestibular nerve

Question 27

what branch of CN VII supplies the lateral canal?

Answer 27

superior vestibular nerve

Question 28

what branch of CN VIII supplies the posterior canal?

Answer 28

inferior vestibular nerve

Question 29

what are the otolith organs?

Answer 29

utricle and saccule

Question 30

what is the name of the calcium carbonate crystals within the gel membrane of the vestibular end organs?

Answer 30

otoconia

Question 31

what semi circular canal is paired with the right anterior canal?

Answer 31

left posterior canal

Question 32

what semi circular canal is paired with the left anterior canal?

Answer 32

right posteiror canal

Question 33

what semi circular canal is paired with the left lateral canal?

Answer 33

right lateral canal

Question 34

what is nystagmus?

Answer 34

involuntary movement of the eyes

Question 35

what is a vestibular schwannoma?

Answer 35

a benign tumour of CN VIII nerve sheath cells

Question 36

what are the 4 types of papillae?

Answer 36

filliform fungiform vallate foliate

Question 37

what are the most numerous papillae?

Answer 37

filliform

Question 38

which papillae of the tongue contain taste buds?

Answer 38

fungiform vallate foliate

Question 39

what is the life span of taste receptor cells?

Answer 39

10 days

Question 40

what are the 5 primary tastes?

Answer 40

``` salty sour sweet bitter unami (meat/savory) ```

Question 41

what is ageusia?

Answer 41

loss of taste

Question 42

what is hypogeusia?

Answer 42

reduced taste

Question 43

what is dysgeusia?

Answer 43

distortion of taste

Question 44

what are the 3 cell types within olfactory mucosa?

Answer 44

olfactory receptor cells supporting cells basal cells

Question 45

what is the life span of an olfactory receptor?

Answer 45

2 months

Question 46

what is anosmia?

Answer 46

inability to smell

Question 47

what is hyposmia?

Answer 47

reduced ability to smell

Question 48

what is dysosmia?

Answer 48

altered sense of smell