Pathology

Question 1

hypertrophy

ex

Answer 1

increase in cell size

cardiac hypertrophy - increased resistance in htn, athletes

Question 2

dysplasia is what

Answer 2

benign
disorganised growth
no stimulus
underlined by mutations

Question 3

adenoma

Answer 3

glandular benign dysplasia

Question 4

malignant glandular

Answer 4

adenocarcinoma

Question 5

an adenoma can increase the risk of what cancer

Answer 5

colon cancer

Question 6

what is metaplasia

Answer 6

reversible change from one mature cell to another mature cell in response to a stimulus

Question 7

where is squamous epithelium

Answer 7

mouth, genitilia, nasal cavity

anywhere that is exposed to the external environment

Question 8

squamous epithelial in lungs

Answer 8

not normal ]only if smoker - metaplastic change

Question 9

squamous epithelium change to columnar epithelium

Answer 9

barrets

Question 10

cancer in top third of oesophagus

Answer 10

squamous

Question 11

cancer in lower third of oesophagus

Answer 11

adenocarcinoma

Question 12

bladder metaplasia

Answer 12

long term catheters leading to squamous carcinoma

Question 13

schistoswanna

Answer 13

leads to squamous carcinoma in the bladder

Question 14

risk factors for endometrial cancer

Answer 14

high BMI

unopposed oestrogen

Question 15

Lynch syndrome

Answer 15

autosomal dominant
colorectal cancer
cervical cancer

Question 16

hereditary non pollipous colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

Answer 16

microsattilite instability

abnormalities of mismatch protein
increased colorectal endometrial and TCC

Question 17

every person will colorectal cancer will be screened for what

Answer 17

lynch syndrome

Question 18

leiomyomas

Answer 18

neoplastic

Question 19

neoplasia doesn’t have a what

Answer 19

stimulus

can be benign or malignant

Question 20

histological features of malignancy

Answer 20

more purple as nucleus> cytoplasm - hyperchromatic
mitotic figures
necrosis - grows faster than the blood supply can supply it
apoptosis can be seen
high cellularity
pleomorphism - no two nuclei look the same all look very big

Question 21

CGIN

Answer 21

glandular abnormality

Question 22

what kind of stain done on cervical smears

Answer 22

PAP stain

Question 23

koilocytes

Answer 23

infection HPV but no dysplasia

Question 24

most common cause of an ovarian cyst is

Answer 24

follicular cyst related to ovulation
can regress
some have lots of them - PCOS

Question 25

epithelial ovarian tumours

Answer 25

older women post meno present late weight gain, bloating, non specific symptoms

Question 26

germ cell ovarian tumours

Answer 26

any age but mostly younger

Question 27

commonest GCT

Answer 27

teratoma - most common - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Question 28

dysgerminoma

Answer 28

called seminoma in testes

Question 29

sex cord tours

Answer 29

any age but mostly younger age | fibromas, granulosa, lyedig cells

Question 30

GCTs

Answer 30

trophoblastic dysgerminomas choriocarcinoma yolk sac tumour

Question 31

what inflam cells are most consistent with reaction to foreign material

Answer 31

histocytes

Question 32

granulomas are a common inflam response to

Answer 32

``` foreign bodies infection - TB (casious necrosis in them) psoriasis parasites AI disease sarcoid ```

Question 33

what can cause vaginal bleeding and a positive pregnancy and a high HCG

Answer 33

molar preg choriocarcinoma ovarian germ cell tumours

Question 34

what will not result with a high HCG

Answer 34

placental abruption | placental preavia

Question 35

complete mole

Answer 35

no maternal DNA

Question 36

incomplete mole

Answer 36

2 sperms and one ovum

Question 37

molar preg 10% complete 2.5% complete partial

Answer 37

not a malignancy 10% - invasive 2.5% - choriocarcinoma partial - dont invade or become choriocarcinomas

Question 38

choriocarcinomas

Answer 38

50% occur after moles | rest de novo

Question 39

treatment for molar pregnancy

Answer 39

methotrexate - folate antagonist

Question 40

how long after treatment with metho can px can get pregnant again

Answer 40

long time

Question 41

young people get what types of cancer

Answer 41

blood brain and bone

Question 42

adults and elderly px get what type of cancers

Answer 42

epithelial

Question 43

what cancer doesn't spread to supraclavicular node

Answer 43

primary colorectal carcinoma - spread to mesentery nodes

Question 44

axilla nodes

Answer 44

breast cancer | lymphoma

Question 45

para aortic nodes

Answer 45

testicular cancer | lymphoma

Question 46

supra clavicular nodes

Answer 46

gastric cancer

Question 47

signet ring morphology

Answer 47

adenocarcinoma

Question 48

thyroglossal cyst

Answer 48

embryological remnant - children usually move when you stick out your tongue

Question 49

thyroiditis

Answer 49

diffuse process doesn't produce lumps | usually due to an immune response that will attack the whole gland

Question 50

enlarged lymph nodes

Answer 50

doesn't move on swallowing

Question 51

abundent colloid and scattered sheets and aggregates of thyroid follicular epithelial cells many cells exhibit oncotyic changes and in the background abundant lymphocytes

Answer 51

thyroiditis

Question 52

oncocyte

Answer 52

cell with increased mitochondria

Question 53

orphan annie nuclei

Answer 53

papillary thyroid cancer

Question 54

thyroid cancer - papillary anapaestic follicular medullary

Answer 54

females, 30s older - MEN

Question 55

management of EBV

Answer 55

check EBV serology, FBC rest | no ABs given

Question 56

if EBV was neg then what needs to be ruled out

Answer 56

HIV