Pathology

Question 1

what epithelium covers the nasal vestibule?

Answer 1

sqaumous epithelium

Question 2

waht epithelium covers the nose and sinuses etc?

Answer 2

Schneiderian epithelium

Question 3

what are the two components of a salivary gland?

Answer 3

acinar

ducts

Question 4

what property do myoepithelial cells in salivary glands have?

Answer 4

contractile

Question 5

what is otitis media?

Answer 5

inflammation of middle ear

Question 6

what is otitis media commonly caused by?

Answer 6

usually viral

bacterial = S. pneumoniae, H influenzae, Moxarella

Question 7

if chronic otitis media what is the causitive organism?

Answer 7

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Question 8

which cels in the salivary glands are enzyme containing?

Answer 8

Serous cells

Question 9

define cholesteatoma

Answer 9

keratinised squamous epithelium past the ear drum

n.b- not a tumour, not cholesterol

Question 10

what is the pathogenisis of cholesteatoma?

Answer 10

chronic otitis media and perforated tympanic membrane

Question 11

what si the normal lining of the middle ear?

Answer 11

cuboidal or columnar glandular epithelium

Question 12

vestibular schwannoma is malignant/benign?

Answer 12

benign

Question 13

vestibular schwannoma occurs within what bone?

Answer 13

occurs in temporal bone at cerebellopontine angle

Question 14

define vestibular schwannoma

Answer 14

tumour of peripheral nerve cells assoc. with vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 15

what is seen on microscopy classic of a schwannoma?

Answer 15

verocay bodies

Question 16

if a young person person presents with bilateral schwannoma what should you consider?

Answer 16

neurofibromatosis type 2

Question 17

nasal polyps are common in adults and children true/false

Answer 17

false- NOT common in chuldren

Question 18

if a young person presents with nasal polyps what should you consider?

Answer 18

cystic fibrosis

Question 19

are nasal polpys painful?

Answer 19

no- very oedematous so swollen but do not casue pain

Question 20

GPA patients present with what?

Answer 20

pulmonary, renal disease or nasal symptoms of congestion, septal perforation

Question 21

GPA or ‘wegners’ is characterised by what?

Answer 21

small vessel vasculitis limited to respiratory tract and kidneys

Question 22

GPA usually affects what population?

Answer 22

white and >40yrs

Question 23

GPA is characterised by what autoantibodies?

Answer 23

pANCA

cANCA

Question 24

nasopharyngeal carcinoma is rare in the UK but has a higher prevelnance where?

Answer 24

far east

Question 25

nasopharyngeal carcinoma has a strongly assoc with what virus?

Answer 25

**Epstein Barr virus-** encodes protein that can drive malignancy

Question 26

EBV encodes what protein in the cell cycle?

Answer 26

EBNA-2

Question 27

what are some predisposing factors for laryngeal polyps?

Answer 27

vocal abuse smoking infection reflux

Question 28

where are laryngeal polyps more common?

Answer 28

middle 1/3rd of column

Question 29

nodules are unilateral/bilateral

Answer 29

unilateral

Question 30

what are the two peaks of incidence in sqaumous papilloma?

Answer 30

\<5yrs and 20-40yrs

Question 31

sqaumous pailloma is related to exposure of what?

Answer 31

HPV exposure- types 6 and 11

Question 32

what are the two types of paraganglioma?

Answer 32

chromaffin positive chromaffin negative

Question 33

where are chromaffin +ve paragangliomas common?

Answer 33

usually adrenal medulla, paravertebral (below diaphragm)

Question 34

where are chromaffin -ve paraganglioas common?

Answer 34

usually found in carotid bodies, aortic bodies, nasopharnyx (abovve diaphragm)

Question 35

paragangliomas are rare and can arise at any age however usually what age group?

Answer 35

\>50yrs

Question 36

squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck is commonyl related to what?

Answer 36

smoking and alcohol HPV (largely in oropharynx)

Question 37

majority of HPV SCC relate to which type?

Answer 37

type 16

Question 38

most SCC are cured with what?

Answer 38

chemoradiotherapy

Question 39

define sialolithiasis

Answer 39

stones in salivary glands

Question 40

which salviary gland is most common for tumours?

Answer 40

parotid

Question 41

tumours in small/large glands are more likely to be malignant?

Answer 41

smaller glands more likely to be malignant

Question 42

if young and painful mass think what?

Answer 42

**malignancy** facial nerve has been implicated (angle of mandible area)

Question 43

why are pleomorphic adenomas excised even though they are benign?

Answer 43

longstanding risk of malignant transformation

Question 44

what is the second most common benign tumour of the neck?

Answer 44

**Warthins tumour**- almost always in parotid

Question 45

name two malignant tumours of the neck

Answer 45

WW- mucoepidermoid carcinoma UK- adenoid cystic carcinoma