Pathology

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

stable state closely maintained

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

cells get bigger

Question 3

hyperplasia

Answer 3

more cells

Question 4

atrophy and the mechansim

Answer 4

tissues waste away

via protein degradation

Question 5

metaplasia

Answer 5

abnormal change in the nature of a tissue

Question 6

what can influence more cell division?

Answer 6

inc groth factors

inc growth factor receptors

Question 7

categories of growth hormone receptor

Answer 7

transmembrane G protein coupled receptor
receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors
receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors

Question 8

what regulates each stage of the cell cycle

Answer 8

cyclin dependent kinase

Question 9

what cells enter Go and why

Answer 9

neurons rbc

because fully differentiated and do not divide

Question 10

p53

Answer 10

checks for DNA faults and induces apoptosis if faults

Question 11

telomere

Answer 11

cap at the end of a chromosome to protect, prevent degradation and prevent fusion

Question 12

what can cause pathological hyperplasia

Answer 12

excess oestrogen

Question 13

why would a lymph node undergo hyperplasia?

Answer 13

infection

Question 14

what causes inflammation

Answer 14

INJURY by

• trauma
• foreign bodies
• immune reactions
• necrosis

Question 15

vascular changes to injury

Answer 15

vasodilation
mediated by histamine and NO
inc heat and redness

Question 16

cellular changes to injury

Answer 16

stasis
white cell margination
migration

Question 17

integral membrane proteins involved in attaching to white cells

Answer 17

ICAM VCAM`

Question 18

white cells

Answer 18

leukocytes

Question 19

what increases expression of selectins and where do they come from?

Answer 19

histamine and thrombin from inflammatory cells

Question 20

what increases endothelial expression of VCAM and ICAM

Answer 20

tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 1

Question 21

phagocytosis

Answer 21

ingestion of bacteria by a phagocyte

Question 22

3 stages of phagocytosis

Answer 22

recognition and attachment
engulfment:
killing and degradation

Question 23

receptors involved in recognition and attachment

Answer 23

mammose receptors
scavenger receptors: recognise low density lipoprotein
opsonins: bind to microorganisms making them more susceptible to phagocytosis

Question 24

how is the bacteria englufed

Answer 24

phagosome: a vacuole is formed with the phagocytosed particle in it
phagolysosome: phagosome fuses with a lysosome to release digestive enzymes

Question 25

killing and degradation

Answer 25

reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

Question 26

calor

Answer 26

heat

Question 27

dolor

Answer 27

pain

Question 28

rubor

Answer 28

redness

Question 29

tumor

Answer 29

swelling

Question 30

functiono laesa

Answer 30

loss of function

Question 31

the main cell of acute inflammation

Answer 31

neutrophil

Question 32

neutophils

Answer 32

most abundant white blood cell

Question 33

suppuration

Answer 33

pus formation

Question 34

resolution

Answer 34

complete restoration of the tissue to normal after removal of the inflammatory components depends on tissues repair mechainsms: gi tract reguarly replaces endothelium but CNS cannot regernerate

Question 35

organisation

Answer 35

Mucosa where damage goes beyond the basement membrane favours healing by organisation and repair and not resolution Erosions and abrasions describe injury with basement membrane intact.

Question 36

granulation tissue

Answer 36

new connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surface of a wound during healing deposits collagen and smooth muscle cells

Question 37

scarring

Answer 37

loss of function in heart: doesnt contract well in skin: v tight in liver: small regenerative capacity but if overwhelmed cant filter toxins

Question 38

chronic inflammaion

Answer 38

persists if: - suppration - autoimmune eg organ rejection - foreign body - infectious agent e.g virus

Question 39

granuloma

Answer 39

mass of granulation tissue

Question 40

granulomatous inflammation

Answer 40

collection of macrophages

Question 41

causes of granulomatous inflammatin

Answer 41

keratin talcum powder foreign bodies