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Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

features of the membrane

A

selectively permeable
maintains ion conc
fluid

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2
Q

phospholipid stucture

A

head is hydrophillic -ve

tail is non-polar hydrophobic

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3
Q

what can and cannot cross the membrane?

A

can: small uncharged moleucles eg o2 h20

ions cannot cross

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4
Q

functions of the cell membrane

A

maintain fluidity
barrier to molecules
structure

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5
Q

difference between transmembrane, peripheral and integral proteins

A

transmembrane: integral proteins that spans the entirety of the membrane
peripheral: not embedded
integral: embedded

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6
Q

difference between channels and pumps

A

channels allow passive flow

pumps: use energy to drive against concentration gradient

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7
Q

different types of cell junctions and function

A

gap junctions: allow charge to flow between cells
desmosones: anchors cells together
tight junctions: join the lateral edges of epithelial cells`

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8
Q

cholesterol in cell membranes

A

gives membrane stability

ensures not too fluid

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9
Q

factors affecting diffusion

A

1) conc gradient
2) surface area of membrane
3) lipid solubility of membrane
4) molecular weight
5) distance through which diffusion must take place

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10
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

difference in charge between 2 areas

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11
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane down a concentration gradient

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12
Q

osmolarity

A

concentration of osmotically active particles present in a solution

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13
Q

tonicity

A

the ability of an extracellular solution to influence the movement of water in or out of a cell by osmosis

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14
Q

hypotonic

A

less solute and more water than another solution

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15
Q

hypertonic

A

more solute and less water than another solution

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16
Q

isotonic

A

same amount of water and solute than another solution

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17
Q

2 types of selective transport

A

carrier mediated transport and vesicular transport

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18
Q

carrier mediated transport and 2 types

A

substance binds to a carrier and undergoes a conformational change that transports the substance

2 types: facilitated diffusion and active transport

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19
Q

difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

primary: directly requires energy
secondary: an ion supplies the driving force

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20
Q

symport in active transport

A

ion(Na) and solute move in the same direction

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21
Q

antiport in active transport

A

na and solute move in opposite direction

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22
Q

vesicular transport and types

A

movement of substances across a vesicle membrane

exocytosis: ejects substances
endocytosis: moves into cells

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23
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure and function

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24
Q

organ

A

2 or more tissues that function together for a particular function

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25
system
a group of organs working together for for a related function
26
homeostasis
maintenance of a steady state within our bodies
27
what must a physiological control system be able to do?
sense deviation integrate the information make adjustments
28
intrinsic control system
local controls inherent in an organ
29
extrinsic control system
mechanisms initiated outwith an organ e.g. by hormonal or nervous control
30
feedforward
changes made in anticipation of a change
31
feedback
changes made after the change has been detected | 2 types : positive and negative
32
differences between positive and negative feedback systems
positive: amplifies an initial change negative: opposes an initial change
33
what should core body temperature be
37.8: normothermia
34
diurinal variation in body temp
temp is lowest in the AM
35
where to measure temperature
ear: 35.5-37.5 rectal: 36.7-37.5
36
sensor, control centre and effector of temp control
sensor: central and peripheral thermoreceptors control centre: hypothalamus effectors: behaviour, skeletal muscle, sweat glands, skin arterioles
37
difference between anterior and posterior hypothamalus
posterior hypothalamus: activated by cold | anterior hypothalamus: activated by warmth
38
mechanisms of a fever
chemicals from macrophages (infection) stimulate the release of prostaglandins, rests at a higher temp so the body initiates mechanisms to inc temp
39
hyperthermia
extreme uncontrolled increase in body temp above 40
40
hypothermia
drop in body temp below 35`
41
blood pressure
the outward hydrostatic pressure exerted on the walls o the blood vessel by blood
42
difference between top and bottom number of BP
top: systolic: BP when the heart contracts bottom: diastolic: BP when the heart relaxes
43
hypertension
blood pressure equal to or more than 140/90
44
pulse pressure
difference between diastolic and systolic blood pressure
45
mean arterial blood pressure and how to calculate it and normal range
avg blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle ((2xdiastolic) + systolic )/3 shoul be between 70-105
46
baroreceptor
receptor sensitive to pressure change`
47
how to calculate MAP
COxSVR
48
systemic vascular resistance
the sum of the resistance of all the vasculature in the systemic circulation
49
autorhythmicity
heart is capable of beating rhythmically in the absence of external stimulus
50
major resistance vessels
arterioles
51
what regulates systemic vascular resistance?
smooth muscle
52
neurotransmitter and receptor of vascular smooth muscle
neurotransmitter is noradrenaline acting on α r | eceptors
53
vasomotor tone
smooth muscles are partially constricted at rest due to the discharge of sympathetic nerves resulting in the release of adrenaline
54
effect of increasing sympathetic discharge
increased release of adrenaline resulting in increased vasomotor tone ie vasoconstriction
55
effect of decreasing sympathetic discharge
decreased release of adrenaline, resulting in reduced vasomotor done ie vasodilation
56
membrane potential
difference in charge across a membrane | the membrane itself is not charged
57
resting membrane potential
constant in non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells at rest.
58
membrane potential abbreviation
Em
59
cation
positively charged ion eg Na and K
60
conc gradients of K and Na
K- potassiout | na-sodin
61
opposing factors that act on K
the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient
62
equilibrium potential for K
when the concentration and chemical gradients for K balance out and there is no net movement
63
what is Em close too and why
it is close to E: the resting potential of potassium | it is not identical as there is a small influx of sodium
64
anion
negative ion
65
glycocalyx layer
short carbohydrate chains bound to proteins and lipids
66
is the membrane more permeable to K or Na?
K
67
where are BP baroreceptors found?
aortic arch and carotid sinus
68
normal glucose
5mmol
69
fever is a temperature of?
38-40
70
function of carbohydrates in cell membrane
self-identity markers enabling cells to identify and interact with one another
71
3 roles of the Na/K pump
control cell volume control solute concentration energy used to drive the pump indirectly serves as an energy source for secondary active transport
72
resting membrane potential of a nerve cell
-70
73
hormones contorlling glucose
in absorptive and postabsorptive states: insulin and glucagon (pancreas) in emergencies: glucagon (adrenal gland) during starvation: Cortisol (adrenal) and growth hormone (pituitary)
74
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans
clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones
75
what is glucagon
hormone
76
what cells produce somatostatin
delta
77
what cells produce glucagon
alpha
78
what cells produce insulin
beta
79
insulin
hormone of the fed state favours anabolism Lowers glucose by stimulating uptake from blood and activating liver enzymes 1
80
glucagon
favours catabolism hormone of the hungry state Raises glucose by increasing glycogenolysis, inhibiting liver glycogen synthesis, promoting liver gluconeogenesis
81
what causes insulin to be secreted?
Increased glucose, amino acids, parasympathetic activity, glucagon, GIP
82
what stops insulin being secreted?
Decreased glucose, increased sympathetic activity
83
what causes glucagon to be released?
Decreased blood glucose Amino acids Sympathetic nerve activity
84
what inhibits glucagons release
Raised blood glucose | Insulin
85
diabetes mellitus type 1
o Early onset o Little/no insulin secretion o Defect in beta cells o Insulin injections required
86
diabetes type 2
o Adult onset o Insulin secretion may be normal o Defect in insulin sensitivity o Diet/exercise/oral drugs
87
adrenaline
- Raises glucose - Stimulates glycogenolysis - Stimulates gluconeogenesis - Released during short term emergencies
88
cortisol
- Raises glucose - Stimulates protein catabolism - Stimulates gluconeogenesis - Stimulates lipolysis - Not important for rapid mobilisation of fuel
89
growth hormone
- Anterior lobe of pituitary - In response to starvation o Decreases glucose uptake by muscle o Mobilises glucose from liver o Promotes lipolysis in fat cells

Principles (6 decks)

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