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Bloc I - Reprod & Sex > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

People who have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have a greatly increased risk of what?

A

Breast cancer and ovarian cancer. We give them:

a) Risk-lowering drug (tamoxifen or raloxifene)
b) Prophylactic mastectomy
c) Prophylacticoophorectomy

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2
Q

Which type of testicular germ cell tumour peaks from 20 to 30 years old?

A

Non-semimona

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3
Q

If you see a vulvar lesions, what do you do next?

A

A biopsy

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4
Q

What are the types of non-seminoma?

A
  • Embryonal carcinoma (AGGRESSIVE)
  • Teratoma
  • Choriocarcinoma (AGGRESSIVE)
  • Yolk sac tumor (Schiller Duval body)
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5
Q

What are the 2 types of HPV that cause cancer?

A

HPV 16 and HPV 18

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6
Q

What are the causes of congenital anomalies?

A
  1. Malformation: Intrinsically abnormal developmental process (primary errors of morphogenesis)
  2. Deformation: Extrinsic disturbance of development from localized or generalized compression of the growing foetus by abnormal biomechanical forces
  3. Disruption: Secondary destruction of an organ or body region that was previously normal in development (extrinsic disturbance in morphogenesis)
  4. Sequence: Multiple congenital anomalies resulting from secondary effect of a single localized initial aberration in development
  5. Malformation syndrome: Presence of several defects that cannot be explained on the basis of a single localizing error in morphogenesis
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7
Q

What is the principal risk factor of STIC of the Fallopian tube?

A

PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

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8
Q

Should you order a lymph node sampling for Phyllodes tumour?

A

No because it metastasizes hematogenously (in the blood)

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9
Q

What is the single most important prognostic factor for prostate cancer?

A

Gleason grading (based on the architecture of the malignant glands)

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10
Q

Name two typical pediatric solid organ neoplasia with a “small blue cell” histology

A
  1. Neuroblastoma (embryonal tumor)
  2. Wilms’ tumor (nephroblastoma)
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11
Q

A women presents with pain in the breast. It is likely cancer?

A

No, only 10% of breast cancers are painful

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12
Q

Are HER2 POSITIVE breast carcinoma associated with good or bad prognosis?

A

BAD BAD BAD

BUT respond to chemotherapy because high grade

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13
Q

What is the treatement of endometrial cancer?

A
  • Total hysterectomy
  • Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
  • Lymph node sampling
  • +/- omentectomy
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14
Q

What is the treatment of an early stage Cervical invasive carcinoma?

A

Radical Hysterectomy or Chemo/Radiation

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15
Q

Which breast cancer is usually detected by mammography due to associated calcifications?

A

DCIS (ductal carcinoma in-situ)

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16
Q

How does HPV cause cancer?

A

It targets 2 oncogenes:

  1. E6 (degradation of p53 tumour suppressor protein)
  2. E7 (binds to pRB that regulates cells cycle)

This leads to spontaneous mutations over time, cellular proliferation and immortalization

17
Q

What is the most common benign breast tumour in older (40-50) women?

A

Phyllodes tumour

18
Q

Which type of nipple discharge is associated with malignancy?

A
  • Spontaneous
  • Unilateral
  • Serous
  • Bloody
19
Q

Do you need to do a biopsy if you do an orchiectomy for a suspected testicular cancer?

A

NON

20
Q

In which type of testicular germ cell tumors you can see Schiller Duval body?

A

Yolk sac tumor (non-seminoma)

21
Q

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

A
  • Age: more common > 50 yrs
  • Race: African-American>Caucasian>Asian
  • Family history
  • Hormonal: testosterone leads to proliferation and growth of the testicular cancer cells so you can block the testosterone production of its receptor for tx
  • Environmental factors not well understood
    Increased risk: Red meat, fat
    Decreased risk: Lycopene, Selenium, Soy, Vit D
22
Q

What are the 3 short term complications of prematurity?

A
  1. Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
  2. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
  3. Brain hemorrhage
23
Q

What is the treatment of an advanced stage Cervical invasive carcinoma?

A

Radiation & Chemotherapy

24
Q

What is the 3 year survival rate of breast inflammatory carcinoma?

A

3 to 10%……

25
Q

Which breast cancer presents as unilateral erythematous eruption of the nipple?

A

Paget’s Disease (DCIS)

26
Q

In which type of testicular germ cell tumour you can see necrosis and hemorrhage on gross pathology?

A

Non-seminoma because they are more agressive

27
Q

What is the most common benign breast tumor in young women?

A

Fibroadenoma

28
Q

What is the #1 precursor of testicular germ cell tumour?

A

Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN)

Thickened basement membrane, arrest in spermatogenesis (no spermatozoa in the lumen), replacement by neoplastic cells

29
Q

What are the preferential sites of prostatic cancer metastases?

A
  1. Bones (mostly osteoblastic)
  2. Lymph nodes (often preceding bone mets), firstly to obturator
30
Q

Which invasive carcinoma have good prognosis?

A

Tubular and mucinous

31
Q

Which type of tumour are more likely to respond to chemo?

A

ER (estrogen) -

32
Q

What are the most important prognostic factors to report in a radical prostatectomy?

A
  • Gleason grade (tumor differentiation)
  • TNM stage (extent of cancer)
  • Surgical margin status (has the surgeon cut into the cancer or was it completely removed?)
33
Q

Where is the most frequent site of cervical neoplasm?

A

The Transformational zone (Squamous/columnar junctional area) because more prone to HPV

34
Q

Which type of breast cancer usualy metastasize to the ovaries?

A

Lobular invasive carcinoma

Bloc I - Reprod & Sex (7 decks)

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