Pathology and renal Flashcards Preview

Renal > Pathology and renal > Flashcards

Flashcards in Pathology and renal Deck (58)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Most common congenital renal anomaly, kidney gets caught on inferior mesenteric artery

A

Horseshoe Kidney

2
Q

Absent kidney formation - bilateral = oligohydramnios with lung hypoplasia, flat face with low set ears, defects of the extremities (Potter sequence)

A

Renal Agenesis

3
Q

Noninherited congenital malformation of the renal parenchyma, cysts

A

Dysplastic Kidney

4
Q

Inherited defect, cysts in cortex and medulla, appears in infants, congenital hepatic fibrosis and hepatic cysts

A

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

5
Q

Inherited defect, cysts in cortex and medulla, appears in young adults with HTN, hematuria, and worsening renal failure, berry aneurysm, hepatic cysts, mitral valve prolapse

A

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

6
Q

Cysts in collecting ducts, shrunken kidneys

A

Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease

7
Q

Inflammatory infiltrate in interstitium, caused by NSAIDS, penicillin, and diuretics

A

Acute Interstitial Nephritis

8
Q

Caused by chronic NSAID use, DM, sickle cell, severe acute pyelonephritis

A

Renal Papillary Necrosis

9
Q

Normal glomeruli with effacement of foot processes responds to steroids, common in kids

A

Minimal Change Disease (nephrotic syndrome)

10
Q

Associated with HIV, heroin use, and sickle cell disease, common in Hispanics and African Americans, effacement of foot processes, no response to steroids

A

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (nephrotic syndrome)

11
Q

Associated with Hep B, solid tumors, SLE, or drugs, common in Caucasian adults, thick BM due to immune complex deposition (granular appearance on IF, spike and dome on EM)

A

Membranous Nephropathy

12
Q

Can be Type 1 (associated with HBV and HCV) or Type 2 (associated with C3 nephritic factor), thick BM due to immune complex deposition (granular IF, tram track appearance on H&E)

A

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (nephritic AND/OR nephrotic syndrome)

13
Q

Sclerosis of mesangium, nonenzymatic glycosylation of vascular BM leading to hyalinr arteriolosclerosis, efferent arteriole more affected

A

Diabetes Mellitus (nephrotic syndrome)

14
Q

Congo red stain with apple-green birefringence under polarized light

A

Systemic Amyloidosis (nephrotic syndrome)

15
Q

Hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, hypercoagulable state, hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

16
Q

Oliguria and azotemia, salt retention, periorbital edema, hypertension, RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine

A

Nephritic Syndrome

17
Q

Cola-colored urine, oliguria, HTN, mediated by immune complexes (granular IF and subepithelial humps on EM)

A

Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome)

18
Q

Crescents in Bowman space made of fibrin and macrophages, renal failure within weeks to months, can be linear (Goodpastures), granular (PSGN, SLE), or negative IF (GPA, Churg-Strauss)

A

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome)

19
Q

Immune complex in mesangium of glomeruli, hematuria with RBC casts

A

IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease, nephritic syndrome)

20
Q

Infection of the bladder, most commonly E.coli, pyuria and positive culture

A

Cystitis

21
Q

Infection of the kidney, WBC casts, increased risk with vesicoureteral reflux, E. coli most common

A

Pyelonephritis

22
Q

Interstitial fibrosis, due to vesicoureteral reflux or obstruction, cortical scarring with blunted calyces, thyroidization of the kidney

A

Chronic Pyelonephritis

23
Q

Common causes are DM, HTN, and glomerular disease, presents with uremia, salt and water retention, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, anemia, hypocalcemia, and renal osteodystrophy

A

Chronic Renal Failure

24
Q

Vessel, smooth muscle, and fat hamartoma

A

Angiomyolipoma

25
Q

Classic triad of hematuria, palpable mass, and flank pain, can have paraneoplastic syndrome, can involve renal vein, loss of VHL tumor suppressor gene (increased IGF-1 and HIF-alpha), sporadic or hereditary, most common cell type is clear cell

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

26
Q

Most common tumor in children, large unilateral flank mass, comprised of blastema, can be seen with WAGR or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

A

Wilms Tumor

27
Q

Horseshoe Kidney

A

Most common congenital renal anomaly, kidney gets caught on inferior mesenteric artery

28
Q

Renal Agenesis

A

Absent kidney formation - bilateral = oligohydramnios with lung hypoplasia, flat face with low set ears, defects of the extremities (Potter sequence)

29
Q

Dysplastic Kidney

A

Noninherited congenital malformation of the renal parenchyma, cysts

30
Q

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

Inherited defect, cysts in cortex and medulla, appears in infants, congenital hepatic fibrosis and hepatic cysts

31
Q

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

Inherited defect, cysts in cortex and medulla, appears in young adults with HTN, hematuria, and worsening renal failure, berry aneurysm, hepatic cysts, mitral valve prolapse

32
Q

Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease

A

Cysts in collecting ducts, shrunken kidneys

33
Q

Prerenal Azotemia

A

Serum BUN:Cr ratio >15, decreased blood flow means decreased GFR, FENa

34
Q

Postrenal Azotemia

A

Early stages serum BUN:Cr ratio>15 and FENa 2%

35
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis

A

Necrotic cells plug tubules, brown granular casts in urine, serum BUN:Cr 2%, ischemic or nephrotixic

36
Q

Acute Interstitial Nephritis

A

Inflammatory infiltrate in interstitium, caused by NSAIDS, penicillin, and diuretics

37
Q

Renal Papillary Necrosis

A

Caused by chronic NSAID use, DM, sickle cell, severe acute pyelonephritis

38
Q

Minimal Change Disease (nephrotic syndrome)

A

Normal glomeruli with effacement of foot processes responds to steroids, common in kids

39
Q

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (nephrotic syndrome)

A

Associated with HIV, heroin use, and sickle cell disease, common in Hispanics and African Americans, effacement of foot processes, no response to steroids

40
Q

Membranous Nephropathy

A

Associated with Hep B, solid tumors, SLE, or drugs, common in Caucasian adults, thick BM due to immune complex deposition (granular appearance on IF, spike and dome on EM)

41
Q

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (nephritic AND/OR nephrotic syndrome)

A

Can be Type 1 (associated with HBV and HCV) or Type 2 (associated with C3 nephritic factor), thick BM due to immune complex deposition (granular IF, tram track appearance on H&E)

42
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (nephrotic syndrome)

A

Sclerosis of mesangium, nonenzymatic glycosylation of vascular BM leading to hyalinr arteriolosclerosis, efferent arteriole more affected

43
Q

Systemic Amyloidosis (nephrotic syndrome)

A

Congo red stain with apple-green birefringence under polarized light

44
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, hypercoagulable state, hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia

45
Q

Nephritic Syndrome

A

Oliguria and azotemia, salt retention, periorbital edema, hypertension, RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine

46
Q

Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome)

A

Cola-colored urine, oliguria, HTN, mediated by immune complexes (granular IF and subepithelial humps on EM)

47
Q

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome)

A

Crescents in Bowman space made of fibrin and macrophages, renal failure within weeks to months, can be linear (Goodpastures), granular (PSGN, SLE), or negative IF (GPA, Churg-Strauss)

48
Q

IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease, nephritic syndrome)

A

Immune complex in mesangium of glomeruli, hematuria with RBC casts

49
Q

Cystitis

A

Infection of the bladder, most commonly E.coli, pyuria and positive culture

50
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Infection of the kidney, WBC casts, increased risk with vesicoureteral reflux, E. coli most common

51
Q

Chronic Pyelonephritis

A

Interstitial fibrosis, due to vesicoureteral reflux or obstruction, cortical scarring with blunted calyces, thyroidization of the kidney

52
Q

Chronic Renal Failure

A

Common causes are DM, HTN, and glomerular disease, presents with uremia, salt and water retention, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, anemia, hypocalcemia, and renal osteodystrophy

53
Q

Angiomyolipoma

A

Vessel, smooth muscle, and fat hamartoma

54
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

Classic triad of hematuria, palpable mass, and flank pain, can have paraneoplastic syndrome, can involve renal vein, loss of VHL tumor suppressor gene (increased IGF-1 and HIF-alpha), sporadic or hereditary, most common cell type is clear cell

55
Q

Wilms Tumor

A

Most common tumor in children, large unilateral flank mass, comprised of blastema, can be seen with WAGR or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

56
Q

Decreased blood flow means decreased GFR, BUN:Cr ratio > 15, FENa

A

Prerenal Azotemia

57
Q

Early stages has BUN:Cr > 15% and FENa 2%

A

Postrenal Azotemia

58
Q

Necrotic cells plug tubules, brown granular casts, can be due to ischemic or nephrotic causes, BUN:Cr 2%

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis