Pathology: Cardiovascular Tumors

Question 1

Benign Neoplasms: Developmental and Aquired Condtions

• Name the Hemangiomas (4)
• Name the Lymphangiomas (3)
• Name the Vascular Ectasiases (3)
• Name the reacive Vascular prolierations (1)

Answer 1

• Name the Hemangiomas (4)
  
  1. Capillary Hemangioma
  2. Cavevernous Hemangioma
  3. Pyogenic Granuloma
  4. Juvenile (strawberry)
• Name the Lymphangiomas (3)
  
  1. Simple (Capillary) Lymphangioma
  2. Cavernous Lymphangioma (Cystic hgroma)
  3. Glomus Tumory
• Name the Vascular Ectasiases (3)
  
  1. Nevus Flammeus
  2. Spider Telangiectasia (Arterial Spider)
  3. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasas aka Osler-Weber-Rendu
• Name the reacive Vascular prolierations (1)
  
  1. ​Bacillary Angiomatosi

Question 2

Intermediate-Grade Neoplasms and Malignant Neoplams

• Name the Intermediate-Grade Neoplasms (2)
• Name the common Malignant Neoplam (1)

Answer 2

• Name the Intermediate-Grade Neoplasms (2)
  
  1. Kaposi Sarcoma
  2. Hemangioendothelioma
• Name the common Malignant Neoplam (1)
  
  1. Angiosarcoma

Question 3

• What does Ectasia mean?
• What does Telangiectasia mean?
• Are these true neoplasms?

Answer 3

• What does Ectasia mean?
  
  • Ectasia is a generic term for any local dilation of a
    structure.
• What does Telangiectasia mean?
  
  • Term used to describe a permanent dilation
    of preexisting small vessels that forms a
    discrete red lesion.
• Are these true neoplasms?
  
  • No

Question 4

Nevus flammeus

• What is notable about the incidency of this type of vascular ectasia?
• How does it manifest?
• Most of these regress spontaneously. What special kind of Nevus flammeus does not reress?

Answer 4

Question 5

Sturge-Weber Syndrome and Vascular Ectasias

• What nerve is assocated with this?
• What are some conditions associated with this?
• What would a large facial telangiectasia in a child with mental
  deficiencies be a possible indication for?

Answer 5

Question 6

Spider telangiectasias

• These are non-neoplastic vascular lesions
• What is notable about their appearance?
• What areas of the body they usually appear in?
• What is the condition that they are most commonly associated with?

Answer 6

Question 7

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease)

• What kind genetics?
  
  • What is usually mutated?
• What are the malformations seen in this composed of?
• Where do these usaully appear?
• If these lesions rupture, what can happen?

Answer 7

Question 8

Hemangiomas

• How common are these?
• Are they malignant?
• Where are they usually confined to?
• If they become extensive, thwere to abou 1/3 of hemangiomas manifest?

Answer 8

Question 9

Hemangiomas: Capillary hemangiomas

• How common are these types of hemangiomas, relative to other tpes of hemangiomas?
• Where do they occur in the body?
• What do they look like on a histological level?

Answer 9

Question 10

Juvenile hemangiomas (“strawberry hemangiomas”)

• What PT population is thi smost common in?
• How fast do they grow?
  
  • Do they regress?
• Where are these most notably seen on the body, and what do they look like?

Answer 10

Question 11

Hemangiomas: Pyogenic granulomas

• What kind of Hemangioma are these?
• How fast do they grow?
• What do they look like?
• Where do they appear on the body?
  
  • When do about 25% of them apear?
• What complications do they cause?
• How big can they get?
• What is a a usually curative Tx?

Answer 11

Question 12

Hemangiomas: Cavernous hemangiomas

• What are they composed of?
• Compared with capillary hemangiomas:
  
  • Which is more infiltrative?
  • What type of strucutres are frequently involved?
  • Which regresses spontaneously?

Answer 12

Question 13

Characteristics of Cavernous hemangiomas

• What two conditions are generally assocaited with this?
  
  • How are they treated if they become serious?
  • What problems can these 2 conditions lead to?
• Why are brain hemangiomas problematic?

Answer 13

Question 14

Hippel-Lindau disease

• What type of hemangioma is involved with this disease?
• Where do teh vascular lesions commonly manifest?

Answer 14

Question 15

Simple (capillary) lymphangiomas

• What is notable about the morphology of these lesions?
  
  • How big are they?
• Where do they occur in the body?
• What are most lymphangiomas composed of?
  
  • What are they NOT composed of?

Answer 15

Question 16

Cavernous lymphangiomas (cystic hygromas)

• What population usually has these?
• Where do they occur in the body?
  
  • How big can they get?
• What are they composed of, and what lies in their stroma?
• Why is resection of them hard?
• What genetic condition are these common in?

Answer 16

Question 17

Glomus Tumors (Glomangiomas)

• Are these maligant or benign?
• What is notable about how these patients present?
• What endogenous cells do these cells arise from, what homeostatic function are they normally involved in?
• How do you differentiate between these and cavernous hemangiomas?
• What happens to the wall of the glomus vessel associated with these?

Answer 17

Question 18

Glomus Tumors (Glomangiomas)

• What portion of the body is typical involved?
  
  • What cures patients of these disease?

Answer 18

Question 19

Bacillary Angiomatosis

• What happens to vascular proligeration in this disease?
• Who usually gets it?
• Where do they appear in the body?
• What kind of bacteria are usually involved? Name the two species that have been implicated?
  
  • Which one caueses a necortizing granulomatous infllation of lymph nodes?

Answer 19

Question 20

Bacillary Angiomatosis

• What happens to the skin of PTs who have this?
• What is seen on a histolgical scale?
• What do the infectious bacteria cause host tissues to release, and what does this do to vascular proliferation?
• How do you get rid of these lesions and infections?

Answer 20

Question 21

Intermediate-Grade (Borderline) Tumors: Kaposi Sarcoma

• What pathogen causes this tumor?
• What disease is is associated with, and why would this be a possible reason for the area of the world that it is most common in?
• What are the 4 types of KS, and what charistics are the classifed by?

Answer 21

Question 22

Classic KS

• Who is this common in?
• What is it associated with?
• How does it manifest on the skin?
  
  • Where does it manifest?
• Does it kill people?

Answer 22

Question 23

Endemic African Kaposi Sarcoma

• What age group gets this?
  
  • What disease do this patients NOT have?
• What important strucutres does this affect in the body?
• What can you see on a histological level?

Answer 23

Question 24

Transplant-assocaited KS * Is this aggressive or self-limiting? * Where in the body does it affect? * Why would this not be an obvious disease after a transplat? * What is the treatment for this and why is this treatment somewhat counterintutive based the generaly presentation of Kaposi Sarcomas?

Answer 24

Question 25

AIDS Associated KS * This is the most common HIV-related malignany? Is it common for AIDS patients do die from it? * What has caused an decrease incidence of it? * How much more common is KS in AIDS patients than healthy patients? * How common is it in HIV-infected Americans? * Where in the body does it affect?

Answer 25

Question 26

Kaposi Sarcoma * What pathogen is seen at every lesion in this disease? * How do people get affected by this disease? * What type of immune cell is implicated in disease progression? * What does the pathogen responsible for this do to endothelial cells? * How do these cells inhibit apoptosis? (HINT: its fu\*king cancer) * What is charicteristic in the late stage of this disease?

Answer 26

Question 27

Classic KS * What stages do skin lesions progroess through? * Does this happen in the other forms of KS

Answer 27

Question 28

Classic KS * Skin Lesions: Patches * What do the patches on the skin of patients look like? * What can the inflammorty cell infiltrate in the patches contain? * Where do this usually ocur on the body? * Over time, what can this patches turn into as the lesions spread to other parts of the body?

Answer 28

Question 29

KS Moprhology * What appears in the later stages of the disease? * Where do they occur in the body? How is this altered in the AIDS-associted varient? * What cell are these made of? * What is notable histological feature of this disease? (aka buzz-word)

Answer 29

Question 30

Kaposi Sarcoma: Clinical Features * What pathogen causes this? * Are most patients infected withasymptomic or symptomatic? * Classic KS * What is the best treatment for this variant of KS? * KS associated with immunosuppression (non-HIV) * What is often the Tx for this type of KS? * AIDS-associted KS * What type of therapy is most benificial? * What cytokine and bodily process can be inhibited to improve prognosis?

Answer 30

Question 31

Hemangioendotheliomas * Why can these tumors be considered "in-between'ers" compared to others? * In adults, where to most of these tumors occur? * Clinical Course * What is the curative Tx for this condition? * Do these often metastasize?

Answer 31

Question 32

Angiosarcomas * What other tumor do angiosarcomas resemble? * What group of people does this have a higher incidence in? * Where do lesions most often occur in the body? (4) * Are these aggresive cancers? * Lymphangiosarcoma * Excision of what other type of cancer can cause these? How?

Answer 32

Question 33

Hepatic Angiosarcomas * What 2 carcinogens can cause this type of cancer? * How long does it take for tumors to develop? * What replaces teh parenchyma of the liver?

Answer 33

Question 34

Angiosarcomas * Although histolgical presentation may be variable 2 things are often found? * What are the two factors that stains target to differentiate the tumor for healthy tissue?

Answer 34

Question 35

Cardiac Tumors * Are these usally metastatic or benign? * What are the 5 most common types of primary cardiac tumors? * What is the most common MALIGNANT cardiac tumor?

Answer 35

Question 36

Myxomas * What is notable about the incidence of these tumors? * Where do they usaully occur in the heart? * Where in that region do they often occur? * What can you see on a histological scale?

Answer 36

Question 37

Myxomas * What 3 things cause the clinical manifestations of myxomas? * What cytokine is associated with one of these 3 things? *

Answer 37

Question 38

Myxomas * How are most of these tumors dx'ed? * What tx is almost always curative?

Answer 38

Question 39

Rhabdomyomas * What population do these most commonly affect? * How are they discovered usaully, and what is the most common reason for death? * Mutations in what genes are assocaited with these? * What do you see on an echocardiogram?

Answer 39

Question 40

Rhabdomyomas * What condition/genes are usually associated with these? * What does this do to myocytes? * What would you consider a rhabdomyomas if it spontaneously regresses?

Answer 40

Question 41

Rhabdomyomas * What do this tumors look like, and what part of the heart do they usually protude into? * What kind of cells are usually associated with these tumors, and what noitable sturcture can be seen on a histologcal slide?

Answer 41

Question 42

Metastatic Tumors * Where do most tumors that metastasize to the heart come from? (5) (L's and M's) * What is the mechanism of transport for cancerous cells?

Answer 42

Question 43

Metastatic Tumors * Which is more common: Metastatic tumors that spread to the heart or primary cardiac tumors