Pathology Chapter 6 Flashcards by Mykendra Deitz

What two systems help maintain homeostasis?

Endocrine and nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Three basic functions the nervous system is grouped in are?

Sensory Function
Integrative Function
Motor Function

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four major parts the brain consists of?

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the cerebrum

Its the largest part of the brain.
Is where the sensations such as vision, smell, taste and body movements are consciously perceived.
Where skeletal muscle motor movements are initiated.
Where emotional and intellectual processes occur.
Decisions are made.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the diencephalon

In the center of the brain.
Two main parts are thalamus and hypothalamus.
It regulates and integrates the autonomic nervous system and pituitary glands.
Controls behavioral patterns, persons 24 hr cycle called circadian or biorhythms.
Controls body temp, sleep patterns and maintains consciousness.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the cerebellum

Consists of two connected lobes on the posterior and inferior part of the brain and helps coordinate complex movements and regulates posture and balance.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the brain stem

Has 3 main divisions: medulla oblongata, conducts sensory and motor impulses.
Contains vital centers that regulate heartbeat, breathing, blood vessels diameter, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How cranial nerves are there?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the nickname for the parasympathetic division?

Rest and digest division

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the sections of the neurological pathologies

CNS disorders
Infectious diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases
Neurovascular disorders
PNS disorders

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

CNS disorders include

Spina bifida
Cerebral palsy
Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
Autism
Seizure disorders
Spinal cord injury
Brain tumors
Anxiety disorders
Types of depression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A group of congenital neural tube defects characterized by failure of the posterior spinous processes of the vertebral column to close

Spina bifida

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of spina bifida

Spina bifida occult’s
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Etiology of spina bifida

The reason that the neural tube fails to close during embryonic life is unknown but maternal folic acid deficiency and genetic alterations are commonly associated with the defect.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A group of motor disorders caused by brain damage that occurred during fetal life, birth or early childhood

Cerebral palsy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Etiology of cerebral palsy

Is caused by inadequate blood flow or reduced oxygen supply to the brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A neurological disorder in which the affected person displays behaviors associated with the inattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity or a combination of these.

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADD)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Etiology of ADHD

Is unknown

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A condition present in early childhood characterized by difficulty communication and forming relationships

Autism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common and mild form of autism

Asperger syndrome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Etiology of Autism

Appears to be abnormal brain chemistry but the cause of the abnormality is unclear

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Characterized by explosive episodes of uncontrolled and excessive electrical activity in the brain that result in a sudden change in behavior. Also described as lightning storm in the brain

Seizure disorders (epilepsy)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Etiology of seizures

Cause is unknown

Types of seizures

Partial seizure Absence seizure Tonic-clinic seizure Clinic phase

May be associated with repeated nonpurposeful movements such as turning the head from side to side, lip smacking, leg twitching and picking at clothing or with sensations such as ringing in the ears, sensations of light or tingling that begins in one area and spreads

Partial seizure

Seizure accompanied by transient facial movements

Absence seizures

Most intense seizures. General tone increases and muscular contractions begin

Tonic-clonic seizures

The classic presentation of alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles

Clonic phase

Occurs from direct injury to the spinal cord or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues or blood vessels

Spinal cord injury

Etiology of spinal cord injury

Most often caused by trauma

Are malignancies that arise from any structures of the brain and include neurons, neuralgia, blood vessels or meninges as well as from the pituitary and pineal gland

Brain tumors

What are the infectious diseases of the nervous system?

``` Meningitis Encephalitis Lyme disease Poliomyelitis Shingles ```

An inflammation of the meninges, the membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord

Meningitis

Etiology of meningitis

Viruses and bacteria. Fungi, parasites and toxins may also cause the disease

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain

Etiology of encephalitis

Usually caused by a virus but can also result from exposure to bacteria, fungi or parasites

Poliomyelitis and postpolio syndrome

A highly contagious infection that is now rare. Is transmitted by direct contact.

Etiology of poliomyelitis and postpolio syndrome

Caused by a virus called poliovirus

Neurodegenerative diseases

``` Dementia Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Multiple sclerosis Huntington disease ```

A group of illnesses that involve progressive degeneration of the characterized by a decline of mental faculties

Dementia

Etiology of dementia

The most common cause of dementia is advancing age

A progressive neurodegenerative disease that produces a typical profile of mental deterioration

Alzheimer’s disease

Etiology of Alzheimer’s

Cause is unknown but is associated with advancing age

A progressive neurodegenerative disease that produces a syndrome of abnormal movements

Parkinson’s

Etiology of Parkinson’s

Cause is unknown for primary or. Secondary or is caused by infection, trauma, tumors, atherosclerosis and drug use

The degeneration and demyelination of motor neurons

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Most causes are unknown. 10% have a genetic basis

A progressive degeneration and demyelination of neurons of the brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves

Multiple sclerosis

Etiology of multiple sclerosis

Believed to be an autoimmune disorder that has a genetic component. 15% of persons have an affected relative.

An inherited degenerative disorder, hungtington disease is characterized by motor disturbances, mental deterioration and abnormal behavior

Huntington Disease

Neurovascular disorders

Transient ischemic attack Stroke Cerebral aneurysm Migraine headache

A brief episode of impaired functioning caused by a temporary reduction of cerebral blood flow

Transient ischemic attack

Etiology of transient ischemic attack

Common causes of TIA’s are 1) thrombus- formation within a cerebral artery 2) an embolus- originating elsewhere that travels to the brain and becomes lodged there

A sudden disruption in cerebral blood flow from either an occluded or a ruptured blood vessel

Stroke

Etiology of stroke

Most common cause of eschemic stroke is complications of atherosclerosis. Other causes are head trauma and complications from blood disorders, heart disorders, and systemic diseases

Severe and recurrent headaches

Migraine

Etiology of migraines

Appear to be related to imbalances in brain chemicals, including serotonin and neuropeptides

Peripheral nerve disorders

``` Tribe I am neuralgia Bell palsy Myasthenia Travis Guillain-Barré syndrome Peripheral neuropathy Degenerative disc disease Herniated and bulging discs Radicuplopathies Sciatica Carpal tunnel Thoracic outlet syndromes ```

A neurological condition characterizes by excruciating episodic pain in the areas supplied by the trite I am nerve

Trigeminal neuralgia

Etiology of trigeminal neuralgia

Possible causes are compression of the trigeminal nerve by tumor or vascular lesion

A neurological condition of the facial nerve that causes weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face.

Bell palsy

A neurological disorder characterized by impaired transmission of motor neurons

Myasthenia Travis

Etiology of myasthenia gravis

Cause of the autoimmune response is unknown. However a high percentage have thymus disorders such as tumors

A rapidly progressing inflammatory disease that results in demyelination of peripheral nerves

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Etiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome

Cause is unknown

Is either inflammation or degeneration of the PNS

Peripheral neuropathy

Etiology of peripheral neuropathy

Caused by complications of various pathological processes such as diabetes, chronic alcohol use, interiors disorders, dietary deficiencies, kidney failure and MS

Is the degeneration and deterioration of the intervertebral disc and is a common finding in persons older than 30

Degenerative disc disease

Etiology of degenerative disc disease

The result of the aging process

Involves protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through a tear in the annulus fibrosis

Herniated disc, bulging disc and radiculopathy

Etiology of herniated disc, bulging disc and radiculopathy

Can result from cumulative trauma, improper lifting, degenerative disc disease, direct trauma or a combination of these

Is similar to a herniated disc but is less severe because the nucleus pulposus remains contained within the annular wall

Bulging disc

Is characterized by pain that radiates down an extremity along the path of the compresses nerve

Radiculopathy

If radicular pain originates in the cervical region

Cervical radiculopathy

If radicular pain originates in the lumbosacral region

Lumbar radiculopathy

Refers to pain that originates in the lower back or hip and with accompanying radiculopathy

Sciatica

Etiology of sciatica

Can be caused by bulging or herniated discs, spinal stenosis, bone spurs, spondylolisthesis, trauma, poor posture, tumors or a combination of these

A disorder caused by compression of nerves in the brachial plexus alone or along with the subclavian artery and vein

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Etiology of thoracic outlet syndrome

Are results of a anatomic defects, such as a cervical rib or an unusually tight band of fibrous tissue connecting the spine to the first rib

Is the result of compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Etiology of carpal tunnel

Are repetitive use of the wrist, direct trauma and some structural abnormalities

Pathology Chapter 6 Flashcards

(83 cards)