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Extra ESA2 > pathology Examplify > Flashcards

pathology Examplify Flashcards

1
Q

role of nucleolus

A

site of formation of ribosomal RNA and for the formation of ribosomal subunits

> prominent when there is a high rate of DNA transcription

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2
Q

common neoplasm in HIV positive patients

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma> vascular neoplasm caused by human herpes virus 8

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3
Q

burketts lymphoma associated with?

A

EBV infection and malaria

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4
Q

Hodgkins lymphomaassociated with

A

reed Sternberg cells

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5
Q

anaplastic tumour?

A

one that is poorly differentiated

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6
Q

characteristic of sarcomas?

A

commonly metastasise via bloodstream

arrive from connective tissue

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7
Q

define exophytic growth

A

out from a surface
benign neoplasm
indicates tumour is non invasive

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8
Q

endophytic growth

A

invasion to surrounding tissue

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9
Q

macroscopic descriptions define:

annular
exophytic
papillary
polypoid
sessile
A

annular= encircling the bowel wall like a ring

exophytic= grow out from the surface into bowel lumen

papillary tumours= have finger like projections

polypoid=. consist of exophytic mass on a stalk

sessile= raised but flat

(bottom three are types of exophytic tumour)

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10
Q

most common cancer in men UK

A

prostate

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11
Q

tumour marker of ovarian cancer

A

CA-125

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12
Q

prostate tumour marker

A

PSA

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13
Q

explain post-hepatic jaundice

A

cause is after the liver

e.g. prostate cancer compressing the billary tree
>compress the common bile duct, > obstructing flow of bile. The liver will then be unable to excrete the bile it is producing, so the production of bile will stop.

The conjugated bilirubin not able to be excreted in the bile, so will accumulate in the liver and diffuse into the blood, raising the bilirubin levels and causing jaundice.

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14
Q

what happens when prostate cancer metastasises to bone?

A

causes increased activity of osteoblasts.

>osteosclerotic lesions in the bone

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15
Q

which cancer cause lytic lesions by destroying the bone?

A

thyroid or lung cancer.

prostate does the OPPOSITE!

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16
Q

Characteristics of Small cell carcinoma of the lung?

A

rapidly growing and metastasise early
release hormones such as ACTH (lead to cushings)

release parathyroid hormones mostly e.g. ADH as well

17
Q

characteristics of osteosarcoma

A

arise in bone
lead to fractures
usually occur in children and teens

18
Q

what is carcinomatosis?

A

extensive metastatic disease

19
Q

Which type of cancer is associated with a mutation in the HER-2 gene?

A

breast

20
Q

describes the process of cancer progression?

A

Accumulation of mutations to tumour suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes

21
Q

normal function of the p53 gene?

A

tumour suppressor gene
Apoptosis of damaged cells
Involved in DNA repair

22
Q

which malignancy doesn’t have a strong association with HIV infection?

A

acute lymphoblastic lymphoma

23
Q

what % of cancer risk is due to extrinsic factors (potentially avoidable)

A

85%

24
Q

second leading cause of lung cancer?

A

exposure to radon

> squamous cell carcinoma

25
Q

formaldehyde associated with which cancers

A

nose and oropharynx

26
Q

nitrates associated with which cancers

A

gastric cancer

27
Q

T cell leukaemia caused by?

A

infection with HTLV-1

28
Q

what is Ewings sarcoma?

A

sarcoma that affects bones and soft tissues of children and teens

29
Q

which malignancy is associated with Paget’s disease

A

osteosarcoma
> due to the high bone turnover. inc chance of genetic abnormalities in osteoblasts

rare!!

30
Q

gremlin mutation in RB gene predisposition to..?

A 
retinoblastoma
bladder
lung
breast 
osteosarcoma
malignant melanoma
31
Q

schistosomiasis infection can lead to what cancer?

A

bladder cancer
squamous cell carcinoma

> eggs of parasite are deposited in the bladder and induce squamous metaplasia of the urothelium
squamous metaplasia progress to carcinoma

32
Q

what maintains telomere length?

A

telomerase

> proto oncogenes

33
Q

two types of tumour suppressor genes?

A

gatekeeper genes- control cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle
e.g. p53

caretaker genes- maintain integrity of genetic material > DNA repair
e.g. BRACA1 and 2

34
Q

role of p53

A

proteins induce apoptosis

Extra ESA2 (32 decks)

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