Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MODULE 19 - Reproduction and Fertility > PATHOLOGY - Female Reproductive Disease > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - Female Reproductive Disease Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a recessed vulva in the bitch?

A

A recessed vulva is where the vulva is sunken and partially or completely engulfed by the surrounding skin folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the other names used to describe a recessed vulva?

A

Hooded vulva
Juvenile vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the risk factors for a recessed vulva?

A

Obesity
Pre-pubertal neutering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does pre-pubertal neutering increase the risk of a recessed vulva?

A

During sexual maturity, hormones will influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics, including the proper development of the vulva. Pre-pubertal neutering may result in a vulva that doesn’t fully mature, which can lead to a recessed vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the potential consequences of a recessed vulva?

A

Vaginitis
Cystitis
Skin fold dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two main treatment options for a recessed vulva?

A

Medical management
Surgical management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can you medically manage a recessed vulva?

A

Weight loss in obese animals
Cleaning the skin folds
Prevent cystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which surgery can be done to correct a recessed vulva?

A

Episioplasty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the possible causes of clitoral hypertrophy in the bitch?

A

Excessive licking
Hermaphroditism
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings disease)
Androgen treatment
Masculanised bitches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give an example of a use of androgen treatment in dogs

A

Racing dogs are often treated with androgens to prevent oestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can cause bitches to be masculanised?

A

If dams are treated with progestagens or androgens during pregnancy, this can cause masculanisation of the puppies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can you treat clitoral hypertrophy?

A

Treat underlying cause (however be aware it may still persist)
Surgical clitoridectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(T/F) Juvenile vaginitis has an infectious aetiology

A

FALSE. Juvenile vaginitis has an inflammatory aetiology, and this antibiotics are not indicated in this condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the typical signalement for juvenile vaginitis?

A

Pre-pubertal bitches (more than 8 weeks old but less than a year old)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the clinical signs of juvenile vaginitis?

A

Mucoid to mucopurulent vaginal discharge
Excessive licking
Systemically well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you treat juvenile vaginitis?

A

Juvenile vaginitis should resolve after the first season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Should you spay bitches with juvenile vaginitis before their first season?

A

No, it is contraindicated to spay bitches with juvenile vaginitis before their first season as it could result in a adult persistent vaginitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can cause primary adult vaginitis in bitches?

Primary vaginitis is rare

A

Herpes virus
Overgrowth of commensal bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can cause secondary adult vaginitis?

A

Hermaphroditism
Anatomical abnormalties (i.e. recessed vulva)
Ectopic ureter
Cystitis
Trauma
Foreign body
Pyometra/endometritis
Neoplasia
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the clinical signs of adult vaginitis?

A

Excessive licking
Mild vulval discharge
Male attention outside of oestrus
Perivulvar dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you diagnose adult vaginitis?

A

Vaginal cytology (sample from high up in the vagina)
Vaginal scope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you treat adult vaginitis?

A

Treat the underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse

A

Vaginal hyperplasia is a normal process seen in oestrus, however there can be excessive vaginal hyperplasia and oedema which can cause prolapse of the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the typical signalement of vaginal hyperplasia and prolaspe?

A

Intact bitches at their second or third season

This condition will recur in subsequent seasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is type I vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse?
Type I vaginal prolapse is the mild to moderate prolapse of the vaginal floor, originating from the floor cranial to the urethral papilla, with no protrusion of the vaginal tissue through the vulval lips
26
What is a type II vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse?
Type II vaginal prolapse is prolpase of the vaginal floor and lateral walls, protruding beyond the vulval lips
27
What is a type III vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse?
Type III vaginal prolapse is where the entire circumference of the vagina has prolapsed beyond the vulval lips
28
Where is the urethral orifice located in vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse?
The urethral orifice is located ventrally in a prolapsed vagina
29
How do you treat vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse in the bitch?
Ovariohysterectomy to remove the oestrogen as this is what triggers the excessive hyperplasia and prolapse. For type I prolapses, wait until the bitch is out of oestrus and then spay. For type II and III, keep the exposed tissue moist and clean (provide owners with saline and KY jelly and really emphiasise the importance of keeping this clean) and spay when the bitch is out of oestrus. Be aware you may have to surgically resect any damaged tissue or if the tissue doesn't regress following spay
30
What are the potential causes of a true vaginal prolapse in bitches? | A true vaginal prolapse is rare, hyperplasia and prolpase is more common
Parturition Forcible seperation during mating
31
How do you treat a true vaginal prolapse?
A true vaginal prolapse usually requires surgical resection
32
What is the typical signalement of vaginal neoplasia?
Older intact bitches
33
(T/F) Vaginal neoplasia is usually malignant ## Footnote Vaginal neoplasia is second most common reproductive tumour after mammary
FALSE. Vaginal neoplasia is usually benign
34
What are the clinical signs of vaginal neoplasia?
May show no clinical signs Intravaginal mass Perineal swelling Vulval discharge Tenesmus Urinary tract problems
35
How do you diagnose vaginal neoplasia?
Rectal and vaginal examination Vaginal scope Fine needle aspirate (FNA) Biopsy
36
How can you treat vaginal neoplasia?
Surgical removal Ovariohysterectomy *(as they are often hormonally driven)* Chemotherapy | Depends on the type and location of the tumour
37
What is a transmissible venereal tumour (TVT)? | Seen in imported dogs in the UK
Transmissible venereal tumours (TVT) are highly contagious round cell tumours spread through direct contact between dogs via mating, sniffing, licking and biting
38
What is the typical appearance of a transmissible venereal tumour (TVT)?
Single to multiple pedunculated/lobulated, 'cauliflower' like mass found on the vulva, vestibule, prepuce, penis, nasal and/or oral mucosa
39
How can you diagnose transmissible venereal tumour (TVT)?
Impression smear *(press smear agaisnt tumour as it exfoliates very easily)* Fine needle aspirate (FNA)
40
How should you treat transmissible venereal tumour (TVT)?
Surgical removal Chemotherapy Neutering to reduce mating
41
Which chemotherapy drug should you use for transmissible venereal tumour (TVT)?
Vincristine
42
What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is a condition where the walls of the uterus become hyperplastic and cystic due to altering oestrogen and progesterone influences
43
Which species is more prone to cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Cats
44
How can you diagnose cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Ultrasound
45
What are the potential consequences of cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Infertility Increased risk of pyometra
46
How do you treat cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Ovariohysterectomy
47
Describe the pathogenesis of a pyometra
During metoestrus, progesterone levels will rise and peak, resulting in immunosuppression, endometrial gland secretion, decreased myometrial contractility and eventual closure of the cervix *(to try and prevent infection however this can end up trapping bacteria and preventing drainage)*, creating an ideal environment for bacterial growth, especially ascending E.coli
48
What is the difference between an open and closed pyometra?
An open pyometra is where the cervix is open and a closed pyometra is where the cervix is closed
49
What is the signalement for pyometras?
Entire bitches and queens, typically 4 to 8 weeks following a season
50
How do you diagnose pyometras?
History Clinical signs Haematology and Biochemistry Diagnostic imaging
51
Which key history questions should you ask if you suspect a pyometra?
Is the patient neutered? *(be aware owners may be under the impression that they are neutered when they aren't so make sure to quiz them)* When was their last season?
52
What are the clinical signs of a pyometra? | Clinical signs can be very variable
PUPD Anorexia Acute vomiting Lethargy ± Vulval discharge *(depending on if an open or closed pyometra)* ± Pyrexia ± Hypothermia *(in some severe cases)* ± Abdominal distension ± Signs of sepsis
53
What are the typical haematology findings for a pyometra?
Neutrophilia ± left shift Leukopenia *(possibly)* Thrombocytopenia Normocytic normochromic anaemia
54
What are the typical biochemistry findings for a pyometra?
Azotaemia *(due to dehydration)* Hyperglobulinaemia Hypoglycaemia
55
Which diagnostic tests can you do to diagnose a pyometra if you are financially constrained?
Blood smear Total protein Blood glucose
56
How do you treat pyometras?
Stabilisation Ovariohysterectomy | Be aware not all owners will agree to the spay :(
57
Which stabilisation procedures should you carry out for pyometras?
IV fluid therapy IV antibiotics pre- and perioperatively
58
What should you be aware of when doing an ovariohysterectomy for a pyometra?
Make a larger ventral laparotomy incision than you would for a routine spay Larger vessels More friable tissues Flush abdomen at the end of surgery (200ml/kg warm saline or hartmann's)
59
How can you medically manage a pyometra if owners won't agree to the ovariohysterectomy?
Stabilisation *(IV fluids and antibiotics)* Culture and sensitivity for antibiotics *(as they will be antibiotics on for a while)* Progesterone antagonists Prostaglandins Dopamine agonists 10 days of broad spectrum antibiotics post resolution
60
What is the purpose of progesterone antagonists in medical management of pyometras?
Progesterone antagonists prevent the action of progesterone and mimic the effects of luteolysis and softens the cervix, allowing it to reopen to allow for drainage | Can be used in combination with prostaglandins
61
What is the purpose of prostaglandins in medical management of pyometras?
Prostaglandins will cause active luteolysis, reducing progesterone production and allow for softening and opening of the cervix as well as myometrial contractions to allow for drainage ## Footnote Can be used in combination with progesterone antagonists or dopamine agonists
62
What should you be aware of when using prostaglandins in medical management of pyometras?
Prostaglandins can have side effects such as vomiting, diarrhoea and panting | Synthetic prostaglandins have less side effects than natural ones
63
What is the purpose of dopamine agonists in the medical management of pyometras?
Dopamine agonists inhibit prolactin secretion which in turn lowers progesterone secretion, allowing for softening and opening of the cervix for drainage
64
What should you monitor closely for during medical management of a pyometra?
You need to monitor for purulent discharge to ensure the cervix has opened. If this doesn't occur within the first 24 - 48 hours, the patient should go for an ovariohysterectomy ## Footnote Hospitalise these patients to monitor and because you can't allow owners to adminster these drugs due to the risk of abortion
65
What is a contraindication to medical management of a pyometra?
Uterine rupture
66
How should you monitor for resolution of a pyometra with medical management?
Use repeat clinical examination, haematology and biochemistry to allow for monitoring of clinical status and ultrasound to monitor for resolution
67
What should you advise owners if they opt for medical management of a pyometra over an ovariohysterectomy?
Advise owners that the medical management will take longer and may be unsuccessful with the patient requiring an ovariohysterectomy anyway. Furthermore, there is a high risk of recurrence in the subsequent metoestrus even with resolution with medical management, however they can have successful pregnancies following a pyometra so it might be advisable to breed them in their next season to prevent a pyometra (if the owners want to breed)
68
What is the typical treatment of choice for a queen pyometra?
Stabilisation and ovariohysterectomy
69
How can you medically manage a queen pyometra?
You can medically manage the queen in the same way as the bitch however be aware that no progesterone antagonists or prostaglandins are licensed for this purpose in the cat
70
What is a mucometra/hydrometra?
Thin walled uterus filled with clear, watery fluid
71
Which species are more prone to mucometras/hydrometras?
Cats *(this is very rare in the bitch)*
72
(T/F) Patients with mucometra/hydrometra are systemically well
TRUE. They may have a distended abdomen but other than that are usually systemically well | These are often incidental findings
73
How can you diagnose mucometra/hydrometra?
Ultrasound
74
How do you treat mucometra/hydrometra?
Ovariohysterectomy
75
(T/F) Uterine neoplasia is very common
FALSE. Uterine neoplasia is very rare
76
What are the clinical signs of follicular cysts?
Prolonged oestrus Pain Infertility
77
What are the clinical signs of luteal cysts?
Prolonged anoestrus Pain Infertility
78
How can you diagnose ovarian cysts?
Ultrasound
79
How do you treat ovarian cysts?
Ovariohysterectomy
80
What is the most common ovarian tumour?
Granulosa cell tumour
81
How do you treat granulosa cell tumours?
Ovariohysterectomy

MODULE 19 - Reproduction and Fertility (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions