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MODULE 19 - Reproduction and Fertility > PATHOLOGY - Male Reproductive Disease > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - Male Reproductive Disease Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is balanitis?

A

Balanitis is inflammation of the penis

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2
Q

What is posthitis?

A

Posthitis is inflammation of the prepuce

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3
Q

What is balanoposthitis?

A

Balanoposthitis is inflammation of the penis and prepuce

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4
Q

(T/F) Some discharge from the penis is normal in entire males

A

TRUE. Only investigate if you suspect the discharge is abnormal

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5
Q

What are some potential clinical signs of penile/prepucial inflammation/infection?

A

Purulent or bloody discharge
Excessive discharge
Erythema
Pain of the penis/prepuce
Excessive licking

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6
Q

How can you diagnose penile/prepucial inflammation/infection?

A

Clinical examination
Cytology
Culture and sensitivity if suspect infection (however be aware it takes time to get these results back so you may want to start treatment beforehand)

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7
Q

How can you treat penile/prepucial inflammation/infection?

A

Topical and/or systemic antibiotics (if indicated)
Analgesia (probs NSAIDs)
Gentle saline washes
Prevent excessive licking

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8
Q

What are the most common causes of penile/prepucial trauma?

A

Fighting
Mating
Blunt injury (i.e. RTA)
Ring of hair causing constriction

This injury occured during mating
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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of penile/prepucial trauma?

A

Pain
Haemorrhage

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10
Q

How should you manage penile/prepucial trauma?

A

Analgesia
Antibiotics
Gentle cleansing
Surgical repair (if indicated)
Indwelling urinary catheter (if indicated)

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11
Q

When are indwelling urinary catheters indicated in penile/prepucial trauma?

A

If there is damage to the urethra or oedema and swelling, an indwelling urinary catheter is indicated until these are resolved

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12
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Paraphimosis is the inability to retract the erect or non-erect penis into the prepuce

This can be an emergency

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13
Q

What are the risk factors for paraphimosis?

A

Toy dog breeds
Puberty
Infection
Intervertebral disc disease (esp. lumbsacral region)

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14
Q

How do you treat paraphimosis?

A

Sedation or general anaesthetic
Gentle cleansing
Lubrication
Cold compress
Sugar granules (to reduce the oedema) or dextrose solution

Be aware sugar can cause irritation so use dextrose if you’re worried

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15
Q

(T/F) Paraphimosis can recur

A

TRUE. There is a high risk of recurrence so you may want to use a purse string suture to keep it in

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16
Q

Which dog breeds are predisposed to urethral prolapse?

A

Brachycephalics (esp. Bulldogs)

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of urethral prolapse?

A

Excessive licking
Stranguria
Intermittent haemorrhage

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18
Q

How do you treat a urethral prolapse?

A

Surgical resection and anastamosis

Not a day one skill

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19
Q

(T/F) Urethral prolapse can recur

A

TRUE. There is a high risk of recurrence

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20
Q

What is the most common neoplasm affecting the canine penis/prepuce?

A

Transmissible venereal tumour (TVT)

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21
Q

What is orchitis?

A

Orchitis is inflammation of the testicles

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22
Q

What is epididymitis?

A

Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymus

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23
Q

What are the potential causes of orchitis/epididymitis?

A

Infection
Trauma

Brucella canis should be on your mind (remember zoonotic)

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute orchitis/epididymitis?

A

Swelling/oedema
Erythema
Pyrexia
Pain

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25
What are the clinical signs of chronic orchitis/epididymitis?
Swelling or atrophy Firm Non-painful
26
How can you diagnose orchitis/epididymitis?
Clinical examination Culture and sensitivity
27
How do you treat orchitis/epididymitis?
Analgesia *(probs NSAIDs)* Antibiotics Castration
28
Which antibiotic should you use to treat orchitis/epididymitis if you are waiting for culture and sensitivity results?
Fluoroquinolones as they have good penetration into the testicles
29
What should you advise owners if they choose sole antibiotic treatment over castration?
Make owners aware there is a high risk of recerrunce with sole antibiotic treatment and castration is recommended
30
(T/F) Testicular neoplasia is rare in dogs
FALSE. Testicular neoplasia is very common in dogs, however it is rare in cats
31
What is the typical signalement for testicular neoplasia?
Older male, intact dogs (usually over 10 years old)
32
What is a key risk factor for testicular neoplasia?
Cryptorchids
33
How can you diagnose testicular neoplasia?
Testicular palpation *(usually non-painful but asymmetrical)* Ultrasound Biopsy and histopathology | Palpation is usually enough of an indicator for diagnosis
34
How do you treat testicular neoplasia?
Castration *(make sure closed castration)* Chemotherapy *(if malignant)* | Castration curative as normally local and benign
35
What are the most common testicular tumours?
Seminomas Interstitial (leydig) cell tumour Sertoli cell tumour
36
What are the features of a seminoma?
Seminomas are benign, multifocal, usually large, white masses. Seminomas don't usually cause feminisation | Usually seen with other tumour types
37
Which dog breed is predisposed to seminomas?
German Shepherds
38
What are the features of an interstitial (leydig) cell tumour?
Interstitial (leydig) cell tumours are usually smaller, can be solitary or multifocal and can often be bilateral. May cause contralateral atrophy and can cause feminisation syndrome, however can also cause increased testosterone secretion resulting in clinical manifestations such as prostatic disease and perineal hernias
39
Which testicular tumour is most likely to be malignant?
Sertoli cell tumour
40
What are the features of sertoli cell tumours?
Sertoli cell tumours are large (1 - 5cm) and can cause contralateral atrophy and cause feminisation syndrome. Sertoli cell tumours can be malignant however they rarely metastasise
41
Which dog breeds are predisposed to sertoli cell tumours?
Collies Shetland sheepdogs
42
What are the clinical signs of hyperoestrogenism?
Gynaecomastia Bilateral symmetrical, non-pruritic, alopecia Decreased libido Pendulous prepuce Attractive to other males Hyperpigmentation of the skin/scrotum Bone marrow hypoplasia *(pancytopenia)* | Make sure to do haematology to check for pancytopenia before surgery
43
When should hyperoestrogenism resolve following castration?
Hyperoestrogenism should resolve up to 6 weeks after castration
44
What are the most common differentials affecting the scrotum?
Dermatitis Trauma Neoplasia Inguinal/scrotal hernia | Brucella canis should be on your mind
45
How can you diagnose scrotal disease?
History Clinical examination Palpation ± Ultrasound Culture and sensitivity
46
Why is palpation so important when there are pathological changes to the scrotum?
It is important to carry out palpation to check if there is involvement of the testes and epididymis and this will change your treatment plan *(i.e. systemic over topical treatment)*. May be very painful so ultrasound may be required over palpation to assess underlying structures *(sedation)*
47
How can you treat scrotal disease?
Analgesia *(probs NSAIDs)* Antibiotics *(if indicated)* Cold compress Sugery in severe cases *(castration and possible scrotal ablation)*
48
How does scrotal disease affect fertility?
Scrotal disease interferes with thermoregulation which can cause transient or permanent infertility
49
What are the most common scrotal tumours?
Mast cell tumour Melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma
50
How do you treat scrotal tumours?
Surgical excisions with wide margins Adjunctive chemotherapy
51
What causes an inguinal hernia?
An inguinal hernia is a congenital or acquired abnormality in the closure of the internal or external inguinal ring which can result in the herniation of fat and even intestinal tissue *(if wide enough)* | Don't breed dogs with inguinal hernias
52
How do you diagnose an inguinal hernia?
Clinical examination Ultrasound *(to determine if there is intestinal involvement which would be a surgical emergency)*
53
How can you treat an inguinal hernia?
Surgical correction Castration *(as they shouldn't be bred)* | Not a day one skill
54
What is a risk factor for spermatic cord torsion? | Spermatic cord torsion is uncommon
Cryptorchidism
55
What are the clinical signs of spermatic cord torsion?
Enlarges testes Painful/stiff hindlimb gait Vomiting Lethargy Anorexia Pyrexia
56
How do you treat spermatic cord torsion?
Castration
57
(T/F) Perianal tumours are rare in dogs
FALSE. Perianal tumours are common in male intact dogs
58
What are some key clinical signs of perianal tumours?
Perianal mass *(however this is often not noticed by owners)* Scooting Excessive licking Faecal tenesmus Dyschezia Ulceration | Make sure to do a rectal palpation
59
How can you treat perianal tumours?
Surgical excision Castration ± Adjunctive chemotherapy
60
What is the typical signalement for a perineal hernia?
Older, intact male dogs *(as the testosterone weakens the musculature)*
61
What is a perineal hernia?
Perineal hernias are caused by the weakening of the pelvic diaphragm resulting in herniation of the rectum, causing faeces to accumulate in this herniation, sometimes even the bladder can be herniated into this area
62
What are the clinical signs of a perineal hernia?
Perineal swelling Faecal tenesmus Constipation ± Urinary tenesmus/dysuria
63
How can you treat perineal hernias?
Stool softener High fibre diets Surgical repair Castration

MODULE 19 - Reproduction and Fertility (18 decks)

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