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HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES > Pathology of Tissues > Flashcards

Pathology of Tissues Flashcards

Includes the ff: a) Inflammation b) Retrogressive Changes= Organ/Tissue smaller than normal b.1) Developmental defects: AAHA b.2) Atrophy c) Degenerative changes= Tissue have abnormalities d) Tumors e) Grading f) Broder's Classification (Grading) g) TNM system h) Cellular death h.1) Types of necrosis i) Somatic death j) Postmortem Lividity vs. Ecchymosis k) Postmortem Clot vs. Antemortem Clot l) Organ Weights

1
Q

Inflammation came from the _________ word “_______”, meaning to set afire.

A

Latin, Inflammare

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2
Q

Five cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. rubor (redness)
  2. calor (heat)
  3. tumor (swelling)
  4. dolor (pain)
  5. Functio laesa (loss of function)
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3
Q

a sign of inflammation which occurs when blood flow increases to the site of injury.

A

Rubor (redness)

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4
Q

Capillary permeability leads to fluid extravasation

A

Tumor (swelling)

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5
Q

Pressure affects sensory nerves

A

functio laesa (loss of function)

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6
Q

Vascular and exudative
PMNs —(tissue)—> Macrophages

A

Acute inflammation

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7
Q

Intergrade between acute and chronic

A

Subchronic inflammation

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8
Q

Vascular and fibroblastic
Monocytes —(tissue)—> Macrophages

A

Chronic inflammation

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9
Q

Types of Inflammation according to Characteristics of Exudate:

A

1) Fibrinous
2) Catarrhal
3) Hemorrhagic
4) Suppurative/ purulent
5) Serous

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10
Q

Serum/secretions from serosal mesothelial cells (3P’s)
Pulmonary TB

A

Serous inflammation

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11
Q

Fibrinogen
Diphtheria, rheumatoid pericarditis
Early stage of pneumonia

A

Fibrinous inflammation

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12
Q

Hypersecretion of mucosa

A

Catarrhal inflammation

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13
Q

Blood + exudates
Bacterial infections and other infections

A

Hemorrhagic inflammation

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14
Q

type of inflammation that involves
_____: creamy fluid component of PMNs & necrotic tissue debris
Abcess: ____
Pustule: ____

A

Suppurative/ purulent inflammation

____ = pus

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15
Q

are fluids, CELLS, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from BLOOD VESSELS usually from inflamed tissues.

A

Exudates

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16
Q

are fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE of TISSUES.

A

Transudates

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17
Q

Incomplete/defective development of a tissue/organ
Ex. amastia (breast aplasia)

A

Aplasia

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18
Q

Failure to form an opening

A

Atresia

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19
Q

Failure of an organ to reach its matured size

A

Hypoplasia

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20
Q

Complete non-appearance of an organ

A

Agenesia

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21
Q

Natural
Ex. Thymus, brain, sex organs

A

Physiologic atrophy

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22
Q

The following are types of this atrophy:
1) Vascular atrophy
2) Pressure atrophy
3) Atrophy of disuse
4) Exhaustion atrophy
5) Endocrine atrophy

A

Pathologic atrophy

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23
Q

A brownish tissue discoloration caused by lipofuscin (“ageing” pigment) deposition in certain organs—e.g., heart, liver, and others—which may occur in older individuals.

Organs affected by this condition are small and flabby.

A

Brown atrophy

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24
Q

Increased tissue size due to increased cell size

*Physiologic: ásize of uterus
*Pathologic: Systemic hypertension

A

Hypertrophy

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25
Q

Increased tissue size due to increased cell number

*Physiologic: Glandular proliferation of the female breast, ásize of uterus (preg.)
*Pathologic: Skin warts due to HPV

A

Hyperplasia

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26
Q

Ex. Enlargement of one kidney

A

Compensatory hyperplasia

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27
Q

Ex. Endometrial hyperplasia

A

Pathologic hyperplasia

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28
Q

Phenytoin-induced

A

Congenital hypertrophy

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29
Q

Examples of Degenerative Changes= Tissues have abnormalities

A

1) Metaplasia
2) Dysplasia
3) Anaplasia/ dedifferentiation
4) Neoplasia/ tumor

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30
Q

Reversible
One adult cell type ↔ Another adult cell type

A

Metaplasia

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31
Q

Reversible
One type of adult cell ↔ Changes in structural components

A

Dysplasia

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32
Q

Irreversible
Criterion toward malignancy
Adult cell More primitive cells (release tumor markers)

A

Anaplasia/ Dedifferentiation

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33
Q

Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells w/o control (no purpose/function)
Ex. Leukemia

A

Neoplasia/tumor

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34
Q

Study of neoplasm

A

Oncology

35
Q

Parts of a tumor

A
  1. Parenchyma = active elements (tumor cells)
  2. Stroma = CT framework
36
Q

Types of tumor according to capacity to produce death:

A

1) Benign (Ex. mole)
2) Malignant

37
Q

Types of tumor according to histologic characteristics:

A

1) Medullary
2) Scirrhous

38
Q

Type of tumor
cells (parenchyma) > supporting tissues (stroma)

A

Medullary

39
Q

supporting tissues (stroma) > cells (parenchyma)

A

Scirrhous

40
Q

“-oma” meaning

A

Benign

41
Q

Terms for Malignant tumor:
“-sarcoma” = _____________
“-carcinoma” = _____________

A

“SaMe CarE”
“-sarcoma” = mesenchymal/CT
“-carcinoma” = epithelial tissues

42
Q

Give at least 2 malignant cancer examples

A

Leukemia
Lymphoma

43
Q

Identify if benign or malignant:
1) Squamous cell papilloma
2) Squamous cell carcinoma

A

1) Squamous cell papilloma= benign
2) Squamous cell carcinoma= malignant

44
Q

Identify if benign or malignant:
Hepatoma/ hepatocarcinoma

A

Malignant

45
Q

Identify if benign or malignant:
Melanoma/ melanocarcinoma

A

Malignant

46
Q

Fallopian tube pregnancy

A

Ectopic pregnancy

47
Q

Grading of tumor is based on:

A

Aggressiveness/level of malignancy
Differentiated cells = resemble normal cells
Undifferentiated cells = younger cells

48
Q

refers to histological classification of differentiation in squamous cell carcinoma.

A

Broder’s Classification (Grading)

49
Q

Explain Broder’s Classification (Grading).

A

Grade Differentiated cells Undifferentiated cells
I 75%-100% 0-25%
II 50%-75% 25-50%
III 25-50% 50-75%
IV 0-25% 75%-100%

Treatment depends on the grading:
Grade I to Grade IV
Surgery ————> Radiation

50
Q

is based on tumor size, extent of spread to lymph nodes, +/- metastases

A

Staging

51
Q

is a system for classifying a malignancy. It is primarily used in solid tumors and can be used to assist in prognostic cancer staging.

A

UICC TNM

52
Q

Grading + staging
is a system to describe the amount and spread of cancer in a patient’s body, using TNM.

A

AJCS Staging system

53
Q

TNM stands for:

A

Tumor, Nodes, Metastases

54
Q

Applicable to all forms of neoplasia

A

TNM system

55
Q

1’ tumor
#: denotes the size of tumor and its local extent
Tis = carcinoma in situ
Ta = non-invasive
Tx = cannot be evaluated
T0 = free of tumor
T1 = lesion <2 cm (T1a = <0.5 cm | T1b = <1 cm | T1c = <2 cm)
T2 = lesion 2-5 cm (invasion in muscle)
T3 = skin and/or chest wall involved by invasion (T3a = deep muscle | T3b = through organ)
T4 = tumor invasion/fixation (T4a = adjacent organ | T4b = fixation to bladder or colonic wall, in breast, edema)

A

T

56
Q

Regional lymph node involvement
High # denotes increasing extent of involvement
Nx = not evaluable
N0 = no axillary nodes involved
N1 = 1 mobile regional (axillary) node involved
N2 = multiple, mobile regional nodes involved
N3 = fixed regional lymph node involved
N4 = beyond regional lymph node involvement

A

N

57
Q

Metastasis
M0 = no evidence of metastases
M1 = distant metastases are present
Mx = distant metastases not evaluable

A

M

58
Q

Compound tumors
Greek: Monstrous tumors
May contain hair, teeth, bones
w/ heartbeat

A

Teratomas

59
Q

Programmed cell death (cellular suicide)

A

Apoptosis

60
Q

Physiologic cell death
Ex. normal sloughing off of skin cells

A

Necrobiosis

61
Q

Pathologic cell death

A

Necrosis

62
Q

Most common
Tombstone formation
“MyLKS”
Myocardium
Lungs
Kidneys
Spleen

A

Coagulation necrosis

63
Q

Types of Necrosis

A

1) Coagulation necrosis
2) Liquefactive/colliquative necrosis
3) Caseous/caseation necrosis
4) Gangrenous necrosis
5) Fat necrosis
6) Fibrinoid necrosis

64
Q

Fatty degeneration can occur in

A

Liver

65
Q

is limited to small blood vessels. Typically, it involves small arteries, arterioles, and glomeruli affected by autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus) or malignant hypertension.

The walls of necrotic vessels or glomeruli are impregnated with fibrin and appear homogeneously red in routine hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)–stained slides.

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

66
Q

Type of necrosis
Pus formation
Brain & spinal cord

A

Liquefaction/colliquative necrosis

67
Q

Type of necrosis
Yellow, cheesy, crumbly material
TB, syphilis, tularemia, lymphogranuloma inguinale

A

Caseous/caseation necrosis

68
Q

Type of necrosis
Sulfide gas production
a. Dry gangrene = arterial occlusion
b. Wet gangrene = venous occlusion

A

Gangrenous necrosis

69
Q

Type of necrosis
Chalky white precipitates
Pancreatic degeneration

A

Fat necrosis

70
Q

deals with the irreversible cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart, and lungs.

A

Somatic death

71
Q

Under somatic death
“CRC”: circulatory, respiratory, CNS failure

A

1’ changes
During somatic death

72
Q

“ARLP DPA”: Algor mortis, Rigor mortis, Livor mortis, Postmortem clotting, Dessication, Putrefaction, Autolysis

A

2’ changes
After somatic death

73
Q

Postmortem cooling
Cooling: 7’F/hr

A

Algor mortis (1st)

74
Q

Stiffening
1st: neck & head (2-3 hrs)
Persists for 3-4 days

A

Rigor mortis (2nd)

75
Q

Lividity/suggillations
Purplish discoloration
After 10-12 hrs, it does not blanch on pressure or shift when the body is moved

A

Livor mortis

76
Q

is a plurifocal staining of the skin, usually in the form of a more or less intense purple discoloration, due to the gravitational settling of blood in vessels after the circulation has ceased.

A

Postmortem lividity (hypostasis, livor mortis)

77
Q

Disappears on pressure (reappears when pressure is released)
Oozing of blood (incision)

A

Postmortem Lividity

78
Q

Opposite of postmortem lividity
No oozing of blood (incision)

A

Ecchymosis

79
Q

Settling of RBCs from plasma
Chicken fat
Currant jelly
Assumes the shape of the vessel
Rubbery consistency

A

Postmortem Clot

80
Q

Not readily detachable from the blood vessels
No chicken fat
Seldom assumes the shape of blood vessels
Granular & friable

A

Antemortem Clot

81
Q

Drying & wrinkling of the anterior chamber of the eye

A

Dessication

82
Q

Invasion of intestinal microorganisms

is the decomposition of the body carried out by the microbial action.

A

Putrefaction

83
Q

Self digestion of cells
Lysosome: suicide sac of the cell, releases lysozyme

A

Autolysis

84
Q

Organ Weights

A

Liver: 1,100 – 1,600g
Brain: 1,150 – 1,450g
Right lung: 300-400g
Left lung: 250-350g
Heart: 250-300g
Spleen: 60-300g
Thyroid: 10-50g
Adrenals: 4g or so each

HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES (8 decks)

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