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HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES > Pathology of Tissues > Flashcards

Pathology of Tissues Flashcards

Includes the ff: a) Inflammation b) Retrogressive Changes= Organ/Tissue smaller than normal b.1) Developmental defects: AAHA b.2) Atrophy c) Degenerative changes= Tissue have abnormalities d) Tumors e) Grading f) Broder's Classification (Grading) g) TNM system h) Cellular death h.1) Types of necrosis i) Somatic death j) Postmortem Lividity vs. Ecchymosis k) Postmortem Clot vs. Antemortem Clot l) Organ Weights (84 cards)

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1
Q

Inflammation came from the _________ word “_______”, meaning to set afire.

A

Latin, Inflammare

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2
Q

Five cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. rubor (redness)
  2. calor (heat)
  3. tumor (swelling)
  4. dolor (pain)
  5. Functio laesa (loss of function)
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3
Q

a sign of inflammation which occurs when blood flow increases to the site of injury.

A

Rubor (redness)

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4
Q

Capillary permeability leads to fluid extravasation

A

Tumor (swelling)

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5
Q

Pressure affects sensory nerves

A

functio laesa (loss of function)

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6
Q

Vascular and exudative
PMNs —(tissue)—> Macrophages

A

Acute inflammation

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7
Q

Intergrade between acute and chronic

A

Subchronic inflammation

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8
Q

Vascular and fibroblastic
Monocytes —(tissue)—> Macrophages

A

Chronic inflammation

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9
Q

Types of Inflammation according to Characteristics of Exudate:

A

1) Fibrinous
2) Catarrhal
3) Hemorrhagic
4) Suppurative/ purulent
5) Serous

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10
Q

Serum/secretions from serosal mesothelial cells (3P’s)
Pulmonary TB

A

Serous inflammation

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11
Q

Fibrinogen
Diphtheria, rheumatoid pericarditis
Early stage of pneumonia

A

Fibrinous inflammation

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12
Q

Hypersecretion of mucosa

A

Catarrhal inflammation

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13
Q

Blood + exudates
Bacterial infections and other infections

A

Hemorrhagic inflammation

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14
Q

type of inflammation that involves
_____: creamy fluid component of PMNs & necrotic tissue debris
Abcess: ____
Pustule: ____

A

Suppurative/ purulent inflammation

____ = pus

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15
Q

are fluids, CELLS, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from BLOOD VESSELS usually from inflamed tissues.

A

Exudates

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16
Q

are fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE of TISSUES.

A

Transudates

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17
Q

Incomplete/defective development of a tissue/organ
Ex. amastia (breast aplasia)

A

Aplasia

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18
Q

Failure to form an opening

A

Atresia

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19
Q

Failure of an organ to reach its matured size

A

Hypoplasia

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20
Q

Complete non-appearance of an organ

A

Agenesia

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21
Q

Natural
Ex. Thymus, brain, sex organs

A

Physiologic atrophy

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22
Q

The following are types of this atrophy:
1) Vascular atrophy
2) Pressure atrophy
3) Atrophy of disuse
4) Exhaustion atrophy
5) Endocrine atrophy

A

Pathologic atrophy

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23
Q

A brownish tissue discoloration caused by lipofuscin (“ageing” pigment) deposition in certain organs—e.g., heart, liver, and others—which may occur in older individuals.

Organs affected by this condition are small and flabby.

A

Brown atrophy

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24
Q

Increased tissue size due to increased cell size

*Physiologic: ásize of uterus
*Pathologic: Systemic hypertension

A

Hypertrophy

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25
Increased tissue size due to increased cell number *Physiologic: Glandular proliferation of the female breast, ásize of uterus (preg.) *Pathologic: Skin warts due to HPV
Hyperplasia
26
Ex. Enlargement of one kidney
Compensatory hyperplasia
27
Ex. Endometrial hyperplasia
Pathologic hyperplasia
28
Phenytoin-induced
Congenital hypertrophy
29
Examples of Degenerative Changes= Tissues have abnormalities
1) Metaplasia 2) Dysplasia 3) Anaplasia/ dedifferentiation 4) Neoplasia/ tumor
30
Reversible One adult cell type ↔ Another adult cell type
Metaplasia
31
Reversible One type of adult cell ↔ Changes in structural components
Dysplasia
32
Irreversible Criterion toward malignancy Adult cell More primitive cells (release tumor markers)
Anaplasia/ Dedifferentiation
33
Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells w/o control (no purpose/function) Ex. Leukemia
Neoplasia/tumor
34
Study of neoplasm
Oncology
35
Parts of a tumor
1. Parenchyma = active elements (tumor cells) 2. Stroma = CT framework
36
Types of tumor according to capacity to produce death:
1) Benign (Ex. mole) 2) Malignant
37
Types of tumor according to histologic characteristics:
1) Medullary 2) Scirrhous
38
Type of tumor cells (parenchyma) > supporting tissues (stroma)
Medullary
39
supporting tissues (stroma) > cells (parenchyma)
Scirrhous
40
“-oma” meaning
Benign
41
Terms for Malignant tumor: “-sarcoma” = _____________ “-carcinoma” = _____________
“SaMe CarE” “-sarcoma” = mesenchymal/CT “-carcinoma” = epithelial tissues
42
Give at least 2 malignant cancer examples
Leukemia Lymphoma
43
Identify if benign or malignant: 1) Squamous cell papilloma 2) Squamous cell carcinoma
1) Squamous cell papilloma= benign 2) Squamous cell carcinoma= malignant
44
Identify if benign or malignant: Hepatoma/ hepatocarcinoma
Malignant
45
Identify if benign or malignant: Melanoma/ melanocarcinoma
Malignant
46
Fallopian tube pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy
47
Grading of tumor is based on:
Aggressiveness/level of malignancy Differentiated cells = resemble normal cells Undifferentiated cells = younger cells
48
refers to histological classification of differentiation in squamous cell carcinoma.
Broder’s Classification (Grading)
49
Explain Broder's Classification (Grading).
Grade Differentiated cells Undifferentiated cells I 75%-100% 0-25% II 50%-75% 25-50% III 25-50% 50-75% IV 0-25% 75%-100% Treatment depends on the grading: Grade I to Grade IV Surgery ------------> Radiation
50
is based on tumor size, extent of spread to lymph nodes, +/- metastases
Staging
51
is a system for classifying a malignancy. It is primarily used in solid tumors and can be used to assist in prognostic cancer staging.
UICC TNM
52
Grading + staging is a system to describe the amount and spread of cancer in a patient’s body, using TNM.
AJCS Staging system
53
TNM stands for:
Tumor, Nodes, Metastases
54
Applicable to all forms of neoplasia
TNM system
55
1’ tumor #: denotes the size of tumor and its local extent Tis = carcinoma in situ Ta = non-invasive Tx = cannot be evaluated T0 = free of tumor T1 = lesion <2 cm (T1a = <0.5 cm | T1b = <1 cm | T1c = <2 cm) T2 = lesion 2-5 cm (invasion in muscle) T3 = skin and/or chest wall involved by invasion (T3a = deep muscle | T3b = through organ) T4 = tumor invasion/fixation (T4a = adjacent organ | T4b = fixation to bladder or colonic wall, in breast, edema)
T
56
Regional lymph node involvement High # denotes increasing extent of involvement Nx = not evaluable N0 = no axillary nodes involved N1 = 1 mobile regional (axillary) node involved N2 = multiple, mobile regional nodes involved N3 = fixed regional lymph node involved N4 = beyond regional lymph node involvement
N
57
Metastasis M0 = no evidence of metastases M1 = distant metastases are present Mx = distant metastases not evaluable
M
58
Compound tumors Greek: Monstrous tumors May contain hair, teeth, bones w/ heartbeat
Teratomas
59
Programmed cell death (cellular suicide)
Apoptosis
60
Physiologic cell death Ex. normal sloughing off of skin cells
Necrobiosis
61
Pathologic cell death
Necrosis
62
Most common Tombstone formation “MyLKS” Myocardium Lungs Kidneys Spleen
Coagulation necrosis
63
Types of Necrosis
1) Coagulation necrosis 2) Liquefactive/colliquative necrosis 3) Caseous/caseation necrosis 4) Gangrenous necrosis 5) Fat necrosis 6) Fibrinoid necrosis
64
Fatty degeneration can occur in
Liver
65
is limited to small blood vessels. Typically, it involves small arteries, arterioles, and glomeruli affected by autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus) or malignant hypertension. The walls of necrotic vessels or glomeruli are impregnated with fibrin and appear homogeneously red in routine hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)–stained slides.
Fibrinoid necrosis
66
Type of necrosis Pus formation Brain & spinal cord
Liquefaction/colliquative necrosis
67
Type of necrosis Yellow, cheesy, crumbly material TB, syphilis, tularemia, lymphogranuloma inguinale
Caseous/caseation necrosis
68
Type of necrosis Sulfide gas production a. Dry gangrene = arterial occlusion b. Wet gangrene = venous occlusion
Gangrenous necrosis
69
Type of necrosis Chalky white precipitates Pancreatic degeneration
Fat necrosis
70
deals with the irreversible cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart, and lungs.
Somatic death
71
Under somatic death “CRC”: circulatory, respiratory, CNS failure
1’ changes During somatic death
72
“ARLP DPA”: Algor mortis, Rigor mortis, Livor mortis, Postmortem clotting, Dessication, Putrefaction, Autolysis
2’ changes After somatic death
73
Postmortem cooling Cooling: 7’F/hr
Algor mortis (1st)
74
Stiffening 1st: neck & head (2-3 hrs) Persists for 3-4 days
Rigor mortis (2nd)
75
Lividity/suggillations Purplish discoloration After 10-12 hrs, it does not blanch on pressure or shift when the body is moved
Livor mortis
76
is a plurifocal staining of the skin, usually in the form of a more or less intense purple discoloration, due to the gravitational settling of blood in vessels after the circulation has ceased.
Postmortem lividity (hypostasis, livor mortis)
77
Disappears on pressure (reappears when pressure is released) Oozing of blood (incision)
Postmortem Lividity
78
Opposite of postmortem lividity No oozing of blood (incision)
Ecchymosis
79
Settling of RBCs from plasma Chicken fat Currant jelly Assumes the shape of the vessel Rubbery consistency
Postmortem Clot
80
Not readily detachable from the blood vessels No chicken fat Seldom assumes the shape of blood vessels Granular & friable
Antemortem Clot
81
Drying & wrinkling of the anterior chamber of the eye
Dessication
82
Invasion of intestinal microorganisms is the decomposition of the body carried out by the microbial action.
Putrefaction
83
Self digestion of cells Lysosome: suicide sac of the cell, releases lysozyme
Autolysis
84
Organ Weights
Liver: 1,100 – 1,600g Brain: 1,150 – 1,450g Right lung: 300-400g Left lung: 250-350g Heart: 250-300g Spleen: 60-300g Thyroid: 10-50g Adrenals: 4g or so each

HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES (8 decks)

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