Pathology (ONLY REVIEW AFTER EVERYTHING ELSE) Flashcards
1
Q
Study of disease
A
Pathology
2
Q
any abnormal condition which impairs the normal functioning of the body. Local disease and genetic diseases can occur.
A
Disease
3
Q
was the leading cause of death in the early 1900’s
A
TB
4
Q
the leading cause of death TODAY
A
CVD- Cardiovascular Disease
5
Q
Another name for CAUSE
A
Etiology
6
Q
The cause of disease is divided into what 2 categories?
A
Immediate (exciting) &Predisposing
7
Q
The beginning of disease. The manner in which a particular disease develops.
A
Pathogenesis
8
Q
3 parts of disease that we study
A
- Cause (Etiology) 2. Pathogenesis 3. Changes and final effects brought about in the body.
9
Q
Study of general disease processes, such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis (localized area of dead tissue in a living body), repair (i.e.: scar tissue), etc.
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General Pathology
10
Q
The body’s total response to any injury
A
inflammation
11
Q
Study of disease in relation to a particular organ or the organs system. Ie., disease of the digestive track.
A
Special Pathology
12
Q
5 Divisions of Pathology
A
- Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy) 2. Surgical Pathology3. Clinical Pathology 4. Medico - Legal Pathology (forensic pathology) 5. Physiological Pathology
13
Q
The study of the structure of the human body as affected by disease.
A
Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy)
14
Q
localized area of dead tissue in a living body
A
necrosis
15
Q
Study of disease by means of biopsies.
A
Surgical Pathology
16
Q
The study of disease by means of:body secretions (useful substances produced within the body), body excretions (waste substances rid from the body), & other body fluids.
A
Clinical Pathology
17
Q
Legal Pathology (forensic pathology) the study of disease, death, and injuries with medical/legal potential.
A
Medico
18
Q
2 methods to study Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy)
A
1.) Gross Inspection 2.) Histopathology
19
Q
See changes of the structure of the body with the unaided eye.
A
Gross inspection
20
Q
A study of the structure of the cell as affected by disease, by means of microscope. Disease at cellular levels.
A
Histopathology
21
Q
The study of the functions of the body as affected by disease.
A
Physiological Pathology
22
Q
A study of disease by samples of tissue removed surgically from a living person.
A
Biopsy
23
Q
useful substances produced within the body
A
body secretions
24
Q
waste products that are rid from the body
A
body excretions
25
The study of deaths and injuries of medical and legal significance
Medico-Legal Pathology
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The study of the function of the human body as affected by disease.
Physiological Pathology
27
Medico-Legal Pathology is also known as...
Forensic Pathology
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Importance of autopsy
1. Confirm medical diagnosis2. Amplify or reject the clinical diagnosis3. Advancement of medical knowledge 4. Medico-legal cases5. Medical statistics
29
Autopsy is also known as...
necropsy or postmortem exam
30
Differences between Coroner vs. Medical Examiner
1. Determination of jurisdiction (county where death occurred)2. Qualifications 3. Inquest
31
a formal legal proceeding into the events and circumstances surrounding a particular death.
Inquest
32
Coroner is a carry over from the.....
English common law system
33
Inquest are needed in cases of....
unknown deaths ordeaths caused by violence
34
Elected county officer who investigates and holds inquests over unknown deaths or deaths caused by violence.
J.P./Coroner
35
Appointed...must have gone to school (MD) works with the police officers; works under coroner.
Medical examiner
36
Texas does NOT use the term__________________, but has _______________ in those counties not large enough to have a ME's office.
Coroner Justice of the Peace (J.P.)
37
Difference with ordinary clinical autopsy (relation to clinical findings and diagnosis) vs. forensic autopsy. Forensic Autopsy will provide...
A. Absolute identification of the body.B. A description of the body and scene.C. A description of the clothingD. An unrestricted autopsy (prevention of future legal actions) a complete autopsy.
38
Types of Unrestricted autopsy
Biochemical Microbiological scans Radiological scans
39
toxicological
Biochemical
40
Primary need of a forensic autopsy is to determine...
cause of death
41
A minimum of ___________ must be listed on a death certificate.
One cause of death
42
Three types or parts of death
ImmediateBasicContributory
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the thing responsible for death at the time of the terminal event (peritonitis)
Immediate cause of death
44
the thing prior to and leading up to the terminal event (stab wounds)
basic cause of death
45
the thing involved in but not causing the terminal event (leukemia) persons with leukemia have less blood clotting ability.
contributory cause of death
46
GOK means
God only knows
47
Failure to thrive means
infant not sucking on breast
48
DIS
dead in the saddle
49
the circumstances surrounding a particular death
manner of death
50
Types of Mannerrs of death
1. Natural 2. Homicide3. Suicide4. Accident5. Unexplained (SIDS)6. Undetermined (decomposed)
51
An explanation of the sequence of events leading up to the death.
mechanism of death
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recover and preserve this_____________
Evidence
53
any abnormal condition which impairs the normal functioning of the body. It can affect the entire body or only one part of the body.
Definition of disease
54
presence of microorganisms in or on the body.
Microbiological scans
55
x-rays
Radiological scans
56
The doctrine of cellular pathology was written by who? He is considered the father of pathology.
Virchow
57
What does the doctrine of cellular pathology state?
“Just like the cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The cell is also the structural and functional unit of disease.”
58
any disease of impaired function without change in structure. i.e. mental illness, color blindness.
Functional disease
59
any disease in which definite structural changes accompany it.
Organic disease
60
Any structural or functional change due to disease.
Lesion
61
The identification of a specific disease.
Diagnosis
62
Any disease in which the fever accompanying it is either excessively high and or lasts a prolonged period of time. Ex: Rickettsia infections- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - 107 15 - 20 days (2-3 weeks).
Febrile disease
63
Disease state which occur at the same time or concurrently with another disease. Often times they are infectious in nature.
Complications
64
Alcohol, steroids, poisoning, the exposure of the body to poisonous substances.
Intoxications
65
Disease states which occur on second or subsequent exposure to the same allergen.
Allergies
66
A forecast of the outcome of a particular disease.
Prognosis
67
Subjective manifestation of a disease. They accompany the disease but are not measurable. Pain, headache.
Symptoms
68
Objective manifestation of a disease. These are measurable. Vital signs, blood pressure, breathing.
Signs
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Any disease caused by a microorganism.
Infectious disease
70
Any disease that occurs every now and then.
Sporadic disease
71
Any disease that turns into a worldwide epidemic, flu.
Pandemic disease
72
A disease that attacks a large number of people in a short period of time, i.e. chicken pox.
Epidemic
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Any disease that is continuously present i.e. common cold.
Endemic disease
74
A set of both signs and symptoms accompanying a disease, i.e. Down’s syndrome (mongolism) SIDS.
Syndrome
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A sudden increase in the severity of a disease. “The patient has made a turn for the worse.” Conditions of patients are rated; good, fair, critical, grave condition. If a patient goes from fair to critical condition
Exacerbation
76
Temporary absence of a particular disease. ie: Cancer
Remission (abatement)
77
Any disease transmitted genetically - through the genes, i.e. hemophilia, dwarfism.
Hereditary disease
78
Any disease caused by dietary or metabolic deficiency, i.e. diabetes mellitus scurvy (lack of vitamin C) Goiter (lack of iodine).
Deficiency disease
79
Any disease with slow on set and long duration. ex: Carcinoma (cancer). Gout
Chronic
80
Any disease present at birth. Does not have to be life threatening, i.e. cleft palate, polydactylism (more digits on hand or feet than normal).
Congenital disease
81
Any disease obtained after birth.
Acquired disease
82
Any disease that reappears now and then, fever blisters, cold sores.
Recurrent disease
83
Any disease of unknown origin or cause. Essential hypertension.
Idiopathic disease
84
Any disease in which a person’s occupation or profession makes them more susceptible to develop a particular disease. Hepatitis B, scrotal cancer, (chimney sweeps) anthrocosis (black lung disease) silicosis (sandblasting).
Occupational disease
85
Any disease of sudden onset and short duration. ex: MI
Acute
86
the study of the causes of disease
Etiology
87
The divisions of the causes of disease
predisposing conditions exciting (immediate causes)
88
conditions that make a person more susceptible or inclined to develop a particular disease.ex: Age (MS/Meningitis-children's disease) (Alzheimer's disease-elderly) (Sarcoma vs. Carcinoma-most 40-65) Sex (Prostate cancer-male) (Uterine & Ovarian cancer-female) (Gallbladder attack-mostly in women) Nutrition (Kwashiokor - protein deficiency) Race (Sickle cell anemia-Blacks) (TB-less in Eskimos) Occupation (Hepatitis B-Embalmers) (Scrotal cancer- chimney sweeps)
Predisposing conditions
89
Any cause of disease that has established a cause/effect relationship
Exciting (immediate) causes
90
coal miners disease...black lung diseaseIt is a type of occupational disease
Anthrocosis
91
Hepatitis B is what type of disease?
Occupational
92
Scrotal cancer is commonly a Recurrent Disease...TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE...it is commonly an occupational disease
93
any condition or disease induced/caused by treatment of a physician or medical personnel ex: leaving a pair of forceps in the body after surgery
Iatrogenic
94
number of cases reported of a specific illness or disease in a given population.
Morbidity Rate
95
MMWR stands for.....It is one of the most common reports that the morbidity rate of illnesses or diseases are posted in.
mortality and morbidity weekly report
96
Number of deaths reported in a given population for a specific period of time.
Mortality Rate (Death Rate)
97
Carcinoma is an example of what type of disease?
Chronic
98
diabetes mellitus(lack of insulin) & scurvy (lack of vitamin C) is an example of what type of disease?
deficiency disease
99
A common cold is a ______________ disease.
endemic
100
dwarfism is what type of disease?
hereditary
101
essential hypertension is what type of disease?
idiopathic
102
polydactylism (more digits on hand or feet than normal) is a ______________ disease.
congenital
103
A hereditary disease that is also known as the bleeder’s disease. It is mostly present in male offspring; is the absence of an essential clotting factor- Factor 8)
hemophilia
104
The flu can be which two types of diseases?
Endemic & epidemic
105
Allergies are also known as...
Hypersensitivities
106
A death resulting from immediate severe allergic reaction.
Anaphylaxis
107
Anaphylaxis is also known as...
anaphylactic shock
108
also known as frequency. Number of incidents...how frequently an incident occurs.
Prevalence- Most commonly used as “how prevalent”
109
Factors in predisposing conditions
Age Sex Nutrition Race Occupation
110
any type of wound or injury
trauma
111
disease due to dietary or metabolism in the systemex: albinisim
deficiencies
112
not seen on first exposure. Seen on second or third exposure
allergens
113
other factors of predisposing conditions
fatigue, general living conditions, plague, alcoholism, heredity, emotion, etc.
114
mongolism (down's syndrome), hemophilia, diabetes, dwarfism are examples of...
heredity
115
foreign protein that triggers production of an incomplete antibody
allergen
116
extremes of temperature-cold or heat. Radiation is also an example of this...
physical agents
117
parasites, microorganisms are examples of...
infectious agents
118
chemicals that are either immediately or eventually toxic or poisonous to the body.chemical reactions-has a cause and effect. Chemicals which induce a change in the human body.
chemical agents
119
types of death with medico-legal potential
1. injury or death by violence2. sudden and/or unexpected death3. environmental deaths4. health, welfare, & safety5. medical litigation
120
albinism is an example of what disease?
deficiencies disease
121
complete absence of production of melanin
albinism
122
types of cellular reactions (manners by which a body would respond to injury)
regressive tissue changesprogressive tissue changes
123
an increase in size is what type of cellular reaction?
progressive tissue changes
124
a decrease in size is what type of cellular reaction?
regressive tissue changes
125
Types of regressive tissue changes
degeneration infiltrationnecrosisatrophy
126
type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance INTRACELLULARLY (within) the protoplasm of cells.
degeneration
127
degeneration is....
intracellular
128
we diffrentiate types of degeneration according to the type of _________ that is _______
substanceaccumulated
129
most common type of degeneration.similar to edema. this fluid is between cells. Intracellular, cloudy swelling, There is a temporary accumulation or buildup of fluid within the protoplasm of cells.
cellular (cloudy) swelling
130
fatty change-fatty metamorphosis-abnormal accumulation of fat within the protoplasm of normal cells.
fatty degeneration
131
fat in liver cells affects the _______. This would be called __________
liverliver dysfunction (fatty liver degeneration)
132
intracellular accumulation or buildup of amyloid within the normal protoplasm of cells.Commonly seen in TB - Typically, in adults, it begins in the lungs. Osteomyelitis - inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.
Amyloid disease
133
a waxy starch like substance
amyloid
134
These two disease are commonly seen in relation to amyloid disease...
TBOsteomyelitis
135
type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance intercellularly (between the cells)
Infiltration
136
means within the cells
intracellular
137
means between the cells
intercellular
138
inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.
Osteomyelitis
139
accumulation or buildup of a pigmented or colored substance
pigmentation
140
types of infiltration
pigmentationcalcification gout
141
accumulation of a pigmented or colored substance which originated outside the body
exogenous pigmentation
142
tattoos, plumbism, (color change along gum line from high elements of lead) anthracosis (cole miner's disease-black lung), bismuth poisoning (caused from high dosages over time of bismuth-pepto) are examples of...
exogenous pigmentation
143
a disease that causes a color change along the gum line...from high elements of lead is called
plumbism
144
cole miner's disease also called black lung disease is...
anthracosis
145
abnormal accumulation of pigmented or colored substance that is naturally present or produced within the body
endogenous pigmentation
146
jaundice, freckles, moles, albinism, birthmarks
endogenous pigmentation
147
types of pigmentation
exogenousendogenous
148
increased localized amounts of melanin. Usually a lighter shade of brown.
freckles
149
benign pigmented tumors usually a darker shade of brown.
moles
150
complete absence of melanin production
albinism
151
these are usually shades of red (port wine color)type of benign tumor of blood vascular tissue.
birthmarks
152
accumulation or buildup of calcium salts between the cell fibers, as in sclerotic vessels.This is also the natural way the body heals bone fractures.
calcification
153
calcification is also known as...
calcareous infiltration
154
excess uric acid, especially seen in big toe
gout
155
process by which you have a localized area of necrotic or dead tissue present during life
necrosis
156
causes of necrosis..
1. insufficient blood supply2. physical agent-temperature extremes, radiation3. chemical gents4. loss of nerve supply
157
type of dead tissue which is cheese-like in appearance. Has a unique odor. As seen in TB
caseous necrosis
158
difference between infarction and necrosis...
need to look up
159
types of necrosis
caseousgangreneDecubitus ulcer
160
most famous type of necrosis.
gangrene
161
types of gangrene
moistdry gas
162
true gangrene, since saprophytes are present and invade the tissue. There is a foul odor present since saprophytes are present. This is the worst possible type of gangrene
moist
163
It fits this four word definition...ischemic necrosis (localized area of dead tissue that has been caused by the reduction in arterial blood supply ) plus putrefaction. This is why it is considered true.
moist gangrene
164
Which gangrene is commonly called TRUE GANGRENE?
moist gangrene
165
localized area of dead tissue present in a living body
necrosis
166
reduction in arterial blood supply
ischemic
167
the decomposition of proteins in an anaerobic environment (absence of oxygen)
putrefaction
168
4 word definition for true gangrene?
ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction
169
organisms that obtain their food from dead matter
saprophytes
170
false gangrene; no saprophytes present; no order; nice line of demarcation.
dry gangrene
171
since saprophytes have not invaded dry gangrene it spreads_________
slowly
172
only type that is infectious, caused by clostridium perfringens during life; microorganisms cause tissue gas in death
gas gangrene
173
a bacteria which can cause spores
perfringens
174
which type of gangrene is the ONLY type that is infectious
gas gangrene
175
gas gangrene is caused by which of the following type of microorganisms
bacteria (perfringens)
176
bedsores caused by pressure points which restrict blood flow.
decubitus ulcer
177
dead epithelial tissue
ulcer
178
absence or lack of growthA decrease in size of a body part or organ that previously was of normal size.
atrophy
179
decrease in size of a body part or organ due to decreased functional demand
physiological atrophy
180
types of atrophy
physiologicalpathological
181
types of gangrene
moistdry gas
182
types of degeneration
cellularfatty degeneration amyloid disease
183
forms of physiological atrophy
thymus glandsenile atrophybreasts after lactation
184
located at the base of the neck. Largest and most active during infancy.
Thymus gland
185
the progressive shrinkage of all organs as part of the natural aging process.
Senile atrophy
186
decrease in size due to disease
pathological atrophy
187
examples of pathological atrophyCHECK ACCURACY OF THIS CARD
anorexia nervosa cancerdisease of a body part (muscle) which will decrease in size.
188
body’s total response to any injury.
INFLAMMATION
189
Function of inflammation
protection of the body
190
If possible, inflammation will...
a. Destroy the causative agent.b. Limit the area affected.c. Begin the process of repair - the process to replace destroyed cells with new ones (scar tissue), but not the same as the destroyed cells.
191
Causes of inflammation
1. Physical irritants2. Chemical irritants3. Infectious agents4. Immunological reaction
192
extremes of temperature - hot or cold.Radiation which is cumulative.
Physical irritants
193
an exposure to chemical.
Chemical irritants
194
any type of microscopic pathogens.
Infectious agents
195
allergic reaction to a immunological shot (autoimmune disease).
Immunological reaction
196
Process of inflammation
1. Hyperemia (congestion) vascular2. Exudation
197
The shipment of access blood to the injured body part or organ.
Hyperemia (congestion) vascular
198
the oozing of fluids at the level of the capillaries.
Exudation
199
the liquid that is oozed in inflammation
Exudate
200
Types of exudates....
1. Purulent (suppurative)2. Hemorrhagic3. Serous
201
exudates which contain pus
purulent (suppurative)
202
dead and living white blood cells and dead and living bacteria
pus
203
exudate which contains blood
hemorrhagic
204
exudate which does not contain pus, it is clear
serous
205
cardinal signs and/or symptoms with inflammation should be __________________
temporary
206
cardinal signs and/or symptoms of inflammation
Heat Redness Swelling PainAltered function
207
concerning inflammation....CALOR (INCREASED TEMPERATURE)
HEAT
208
concerning inflammation...RUBOR
REDNESS
209
concerning inflammation...TUMOR (SHOULD BE TEMPORARY)
SWELLING
210
concerning inflammation...DOLOR
PAIN
211
concerning inflammation...FUNCTIO LAESA
ALTERED FUNCTION
212
Inflammatory lesions
abscessphlegmonvesiclefurunclecarbunclesfistulaulcerpustule
213
localized collection of pus.
Abscess
214
cellulitis, a diffuse or wide spread inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue. Appears as a red streak located and growing just under the surface of the skin.
Phlegmon
215
blister, a small or slight elevation on the surface of the skin filled with serous or non-purulent fluid (does not contain pus).
Vesicle
216
non-communicating boil, an abscess of a hair follicle or sweat gland.
Furuncle
217
several communicating boils where the drainage of the hair follicle or sweat gland are shared.
Carbuncles
218
abnormal passageway. Occurs mostly in the lower digestive tract. Can occur between parts of a body or from a body part to the outside.
Fistula
219
localized area of necrotic opithel - three common sites
Ulcer
220
3 common sites of ulcers
1. Upper GI tract, stomach or duodenum2. Toes on diabetics3. Decubitus ulcer - bedsore
221
Slight elevation of the surface of the skin which contains pus. (Pimple, whitehead, or black head) usually an oil gland.
Pustule
222
outcomes of inflammation
resolutionregenerationrepair
223
types of regeneration
physiological pathological
224
a part of the outcome which signals the end of the exudation stage or inflammation stage.
Resolution
225
the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact cells making it up.
Regeneration
226
Regeneration due to increased functional demand.
Physiological
227
Regeneration due to disease
Pathological
228
connective tissue cells. The replacement of damaged or diseased cells with healthy new cells with connective tissue cells or by surgery -results in scar tissue.
Repair
229
itis means...
inflammation
230
cyst means...
bladder or sac
231
chole means....
bile
232
types of inflammation in the nervous system
encephalitismyelitismeningitispoliomyelitisneuritis
233
inflammation of the brain
Encephalitis
234
inflammation of the spinal cord.
Myelitis
235
inflammation of the 3 layer membrane of the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
236
inflammation of the gray matter portion of the spinal cord.
Poliomyelitis
237
inflammation of a neuron or nerve cell.
Neuritis
238
types of inflammation in the respiratory system
rhinitispharyngitissinusitislaryngitispleuritistracheitisbronchitispneumonitis
239
inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Rhinitis
240
(mucusmembrane of the lining of the nasal cavity)
nasal mucosa
241
inflammation of the pharynx a sore throat
pharyngitis
242
inflammation of one or more sets of the paranasal sinuses
sinusitis
243
near or along the nasal cavities
paranasal sinuses
244
inflammation of the larynx or voice box
laryngitis
245
inflammation of the pleura
pleuritis
246
pleuritis is also called...
pleurisy
247
a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs
pleura (pleural space or cavity)
248
inflammation of the trachea or windpipe
tracheitis
249
inflammation of one or both of the bronchi (two) or bronchus (one)
bronchitis
250
inflammation of or infection of lung tissue itself
pneumonitis
251
types of pneumonitis
lobar pneumonia (one portion of the lung)bronchial pneumoniaviral pneumonia
252
types of inflammation in the digestive system
stomatitisglossitisgingivitisesophagitisgastritisenteritisdiverticulitiscolitisproctitisperitonitispancreatitishepatitischolecystitischolangitisappendicitis
253
inflammation of the mouth
stomatitis
254
inflammation of the tongue
glossitis
255
inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
256
inflammation of the esophagus
esophagitis
257
muscular tube that conveys food from the throat to the stomach
esophagus
258
inflammation of the stomach
gastritis
259
inflammation of the small intestines
enteritis
260
inflammation of the diverticulum or intestinal hernia
diverticulitis
261
inflammation of the colon
colitis
262
longest division of the large intestines
colon
263
types of colitis
amebiculcerative (psychosomatic disorder)
264
inflammation of the rectum
proctitis
265
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
266
membrane which surrounds the abdominal viscera
peritoneum
267
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
268
a heterocrine gland that breaks down food and releases insulin into blood to control sugar levels
pancreas
269
inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
270
inflammation of the sac containing bile or gallbladder
cholecystitis
271
inflammation of one or more of the bile ducts
cholangitis
272
inflammation of the vermiform appendix
appendicitis
273
snakelike
vermiform
274
Types of inflammation in the Genital & Urinary System
Pyelitis Pyelonephritis Glomerulonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Orchitis Prostatitis Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Endocervicitis Vaginitis
275
inflammation of the renal pelvis.
Pyelitis
276
inflammation of the structural and functional unit of the kidney caused by pyogenic bacteria.
Pyelonephritis
277
inflammation of the Vagina or birth canal.
Vaginitis
278
inflammation of the endocervic
Endocervicitis
279
the inner most layer of the lower neck structure of the cervix.
endocervic
280
pus forming
pyogenic
281
inflammation of the little tufted capillaries of the structural and functional unit of the kidneys.
Glomerulonephritis
282
little tufted capillaries of kidneys
(glomerulus)
283
inflammation of the tube that urine between the kidney and urinary bladder conveys.
Ureteritis
284
inflammation of the urinary bladder.
Cystitis
285
inflammation of the endometrium, the inner most or vascular layer of the uterus
Endometritis
286
inflammation of one or both of the fallopian tubes.
Salpingitis
287
inflammation of the single tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body.
Urethritis
288
inflammation of one or both of the male gonads (testis).
Orchitis
289
inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostatitis
290
inflammation of one or both of the ovaries (female sex gland).
Oophoritis
291
types of inflammation of the Cardiovascular System
pericarditismyocarditisendocarditisarteritisphlebitisthrombophlebitis
292
- inflammation of the vein caused by an attached blood clot during life.
Thrombophlebitis
293
- inflammation of the vein.
Phlebitis
294
- inflammation of the artery
Arteritis
295
what can cause arteritis
angiograms
296
inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
297
the sack surrounding the heart.
pericardium
298
inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart.
Myocarditis
299
- inflammation of the inner most layer of the heart. The heart valves are made from this tissue.
Endocarditis
300
types of inflammation of the Skin and Skeletomuscular System
dermatitisbursitisosteomyelitisarthritis
301
inflammation of the skin - contact delayed reaction.
Dermatitis
302
inflammation of the bursa
Bursitis
303
- the tiny sac filled with a lubricant for the joints.
bursa
304
- inflammation of the sponge bone and marrow.
Osteomyelitis
305
- inflammation of the joints.
Arthritis
306
types of inflammation of the Lymphatic System
tonsillitislymphangitis
307
- inflammation of the lymph vessel.
Lymphangitis
308
-inflammation of the one or more of the three sets of tonsils. Tissue between the mouth and throat.
Tonsillitis
309
A circulatory disturbanceA disease in which a person has excess amounts of tissue fluid present in the body
Edema (Dropsy)
310
substance which bathes and surrounds the body cells.
Tissue fluids
311
causes of edema
a. Increased permeability of the capillaries. The capillaries are allowing too much fluid in and not enough out. The cells are swelling.b. Increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure.c. Inflammatory conditions - due to injury.d. Fluid / electrolyte problems – post surgical problems
312
Examples of edema
Anasarca AscitesHydrothorax Hydropericardium Hydrocele Hydro-cephalus
313
Type of edemageneralized edema – edema scattered throughout the entire body
Anasarca
314
Type of edema excess tissue fluid in the abdominal cavity or peritoneal cavity.
Ascites
315
Type of edemaexcess tissue fluid in the thoracic or plural cavity.
Hydrothorax
316
Type of edemaexcess tissue fluid in the sack that surrounds the heart.
Hydropericardium
317
Type of edemaexcess fluid or edema of a sacculated cavity. Affects the scrotum in males
Hydrocele
318
Type of edemaexcess fluid in the cranial cavity - water on the brain. Affects the nervous system. Most commonly reported more in children than adults.
Hydro-cephalus
319
A circulatory disturbanceexcess blood in a body part or organ
Hyperemia (congestion)
320
types of hyperemia
Physiological hyperemiaPathological hyperemia Active hyperemia Passive hyperemia
321
types of hyperemiae.g., blushing - excess blood in a body part or organ due to increased functional demand.
Physiological hyperemia
322
types of hyperemiae.g., cyanosis - excess blood in a body part or organ due to disease
Pathological hyperemia
323
types of hyperemiaexcess blood in a body part or organ brought there by the arteries
Active hyperemia
324
types of hyperemiaexcess blood in a body part or organ due to venous obstruction, an obstruction which is present in the veins. Passive hyperemia is always pathologic.
Passive hyperemia
325
reddish blue discoloration seen in the tissues due to lack of oxygen
Cyanosis
326
a circulatory disturbancea reduction in the arterial blood supply to a body part or organ
Ischemia
327
the most common cause of ischemia is?
the presence of an attached blood clot present in an artery.
328
if left untreated, what is the effect of ischemia?
death - infarction (death of tissue due to interference of blood supply).
329
a circulatory disturbancethe process by which there is the presence of an attached blood clot during life.
Thrombosis
330
single blood clot
Thrombus
331
two or more blood clots
Thrombi
332
causes of thrombosis (4)
a. Injuries to blood vessels.b. Slower or reduced rate of blood flow.c. Alterations in blood composition.d. Blood diseases - becoming thin from within such as leukemia.
333
locations of thrombi
a. Veins b. Arteriesc. chambers of the heart
334
the most common site for thrombi
veins
335
thrombi in the lower extremities would cause
DVTdeep vein thrombosis
336
the least common site for thrombi
chambers of the heart
337
the chambers of the heart is the least common site for thrombi. Why?
they were shipped to the heart from another part of the body
338
when a thrombi changes location it becomes?
mural
339
a thrombi becoming mural (or changing location) is the greatest risk because?
the attached blood clot has become infected, and once it becomes infected, it will spread
340
consequences of thrombi depend on what?
where it is located
341
a consequence of thrombosisthrombosis present in the artery – causes reduction in arterial blood supply. Restricts blood flow
ischemia
342
the most common consequence of thrombosis. Present in the vein.
Passive hyperemia
343
a consequence of thrombosisdeath of the tissue caused by interference in blood supply - ischemic necrosis + putrefaction
gangrene
344
a circulatory disturbancethe process by which there is a free floating object in the blood stream during life.
Embolism
345
a single free floating object in the blood during life
embolus
346
one or more objects in the blood during life
emboli
347
types of embolism
a. Fragments of thrombi b. Bacteria c. Tumors d. Animal parasites e. Fat f. Gas g. Foreign bodies
348
types of embolisma clot that detaches or breaks off. The most common type of an embolism.
Fragments of thrombi
349
types of embolismpresent in the blood stream during life. Blood poisoning
Bacteria
350
types of embolism swelling; an abnormal growth. Malignant or non-malignant. Begins as free floating in the blood stream. Spread by the blood or lymph system.
Tumors
351
types of embolismfree floating in the blood stream.
Animal parasites
352
types of embolismfat cells free floating in the blood stream.
Fat
353
types of embolismair free floating in the blood stream.
gas
354
types of embolismsmall pieces of glass or metal free floating in the blood stream.
Foreign bodies
355
Consequences of embolism
a. Ischemia - reduction in arterial blood supply.b. Infarction - localized area of dead tissue caused by interference of blood supply.c. Spread of infection or neoplasm (new growth).d. Necrosis - dead tissue, i.e. heart.
356
a circulatory disturbanceloss of blood from the vascular system. A human can lose no more than half (1/2) without irreversible damage or death.
hemorrhage
357
Methods of hemorrhage
Rhexis or Diapedesis
358
loss of blood by rupture of a blood vessel. Rupture of one of the chambers of the heart
rhexis
359
loss of blood by squeezing through the pores of the capillaries
Diapedesis
360
Causes of hemorrhage
a. Trauma - wound or injuryb. Vascular diseases of the blood vesselsc. Hypertension - high blood pressured. Blood diseases - plethora - excess amount of circulating blood
361
Related terms (3)Size of the hemorrhage
Petechia Echymosis Hematoma
362
pinpoint hemorrhages;, smallest of the hemorrhages in terms of size; commonly seen in cancer patients (think of petite)
Petechia
363
medium sized hemorrhage (bruise or black and blue spot). Most famous sites- long term IV or a shiner (black eye)
Echymosis
364
a tumor like mass of lost blood. Largest of the hemorrhages in terms of size(Pool of blood such as a gun shot wound).(hema-huge-largest)
Hematoma
365
Location of the hemorrhage (10)
Epistaxis Hemoptysis Hematemesis Melena Hemothorax Hemoperitoneum Hematuria Exsanguination Hemopericardium Hemophilia
366
Location of the hemorrhagenose bleed, blood coming from the nasal cavity
Epistaxis
367
Location of the hemorrhageblood brought up in sputum from the respiratory tract. (Emphysema)
Hemoptysis
368
Location of the hemorrhage vomiting of blood. Blood in the vomit from the digestive tract.
Hematemesis
369
Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in feces (the stool.) Intestinal tract, the stool color changes from brown to black. (Colon cancer, diverticulitis)
Melena
370
Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the thoracic cavity or plural cavity.
Hemothorax
371
Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity or abdominal cavity.
Hemoperitoneum
372
Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the urine or urinary tract, urinary tract infection.
Hematuria
373
Location of the hemorrhagemassive loss of blood which usually results in death or irreversible damage. The body cannot loose more than 1/2 of the blood volume, without death or irreversible damage
Exsanguination
374
Location of the hemorrhageexcess blood in the sack surrounding the heart.
Hemopericardium
375
Location of the hemorrhagean affinity for blood. The bleeder’s disease. A heredity disease only found in males characterized by the absence or a deficiency of an essential clotting factor, factor 8.
Hemophilia
376
Postmortem conditions in regards to circulatory disturbances
1. Diminished circulation 2. Abscesses 3. Hemorrhages 4. Emaciation/ Dehydration 5. Rapid decomposition 6. Discoloration Intravascular and/or extravascular.
377
diminished circulation postmortem is due to
the hardening of the arteries
378
a postmortem circulatory disturbance localized collection of pus
abscess
379
occurring postmortemmassive loss of blood can cause generalized circulatory shock.
hemorrhages
380
the wasting away or loss of tissue
emaciation
381
loss of moisture from the body.
dehydration
382
postmortem hypostasis which causes livor mortis (reddish blue discoloration) which is an intravascular blood discoloration. Can be usually removed by embalming.
******
383
blood discoloration after death outside the intravascular system. This is a cosmetic problem.
extravascular
384
National board question: What is considered the most permanent blood discoloration?
Post mortem extravascular (post mortem stain)
385
localized or generalized. Affects one part of the body or the entire body.
Circulatory Disturbance
386
edema is also called...
Dropsy
387
hyperemia is also called...
congestion
388
process by which there is a localized area of dead tissue caused by the interference of blood supply
infarction
389
a localized area of dead tissue caused by interference of blood supply. Those appear white when present in living tissue.
Infarct
390
new growth
neoplasm
391
bleeding...
hemorrhage
392
an abnormal new growth
neoplasms (tumors)
393
Enclosed sac-like pouches that have a definite wall.Usually containing a liquid, solid, or semi-solid material
Cysts
394
Types of cysts
Duarian cystSebaccous cyst
395
abnormal sac-like pouch present on the ovary.
Duarian cyst
396
type of duarian cyst
dermoid
397
duarian cyst also called...
ovarian cyst
398
a rare ovarian (duarian) cyst that contains a waxy tissue and other structures not normally foundex: teeth or hair follicles
dermoid cyst
399
an abnormal sac-like structure located on a oil gland
sebaccous
400
oil glands are also called
sebaceous glands
401
An increase in size of a body part or organ by an increase in size of the cells already present.Excessive growth
hypertrophy
402
sebaccous cysts are also called...
wen
403
an abnormal sac-like structure
tumor
404
types of hypertrophy
physiologicalpathologicalcompensatory
405
increase in size of a body part or organ due to increased functional demand
physiological hypertrophy
406
Breast tissue due to lactation. The increase in size of the female uterus in preparation of pregnancy.
physiological hypertrophy
407
an increase in size of a body part or organ due to disease
pathological hypertrophy
408
Wilm's tumor and brain tumor is an example of what?
pathological hypertrophy
409
a rare tumor of the kidney in children
Wilm's tumor
410
increase in size of a body part or organ to compensate or make up for the loss of a similar or paired organ
compensatory hypertrophy
411
increase in size of a body part or organ by an increase in the total number of cells making it up.
hyperplasia
412
What type of change is hyperplasia?
Progressive tissue change
413
oat cell carcinoma is an example of
metaplasia
414
classifications of neoplasms
clinicalhistological
415
state of disease
clinical
416
types of states of disease (clinical)
benignmalignant
417
A suffix of "oma" generally means that it is a _____________ tumorNOT ALWAYS
benign
418
ALL malignant tumors left untreated will _______________
kill
419
generally a suffix of sarcoma or carcinoma
malignant
420
malignant tumor of epithelial tissue occurring in persons 45-60
carcinoma
421
breast cancer or lung cancer are examples of what type of tumor
carcinoma
422
bone cancer is an example of what type of tumor
sarcoma
423
malignant tumor or connective tissue in persons under 30
sarcoma
424
generally, a benign tumor will NOT...
kill you
425
tissue of origin; what tissue it originated first.Shown by its prefix or the stem of the word
histological
426
characteristics of benign neoplasms
a. Grow by expansion.b. Don’t metastasize - don’t spread.c. Don’t recur after surgery - removal or treatment.d. Don’t cause great tissue damage.e. Resemble original tissue of origin.
427
characteristics of malignant neoplasms
a. Grow by the called infiltrationb. Metastasize (spread)c. Can reoccur after surgery.d. Cause extensive tissue damage.e. No resemblance to original tissue of origin.
428
take over existing tissue
infiltration
429
process by which a malignancy spreads itself to other parts of the body. Usually by means of the lymph or blood stream
metastisize
430
Types of BENIGN neoplasms
1. Epithelial tissue2. Muscle tissue3. Connective tissue4. Nervous tissue
431
lining tissue...also the inner most tissue
epithelial tissue
432
Types of BENIGN EPITHELIAL TISSUE...
1. Adenoma2. Papilloma3. Nevus
433
glandular- a benign tumor of glandular epithelial
adenoma
434
a benign tumor of epithelial that appears as a pedestal "stalk-like" growth.
Papilloma
435
papilloma is also known as...
polyp
436
most frequently in the nasal cavity or intestinal track
papilloma
437
a benign pigmented tumor. a shade of brown or black. localized and well defined
nevus
438
nevus is also called...
mole
439
Types of BENIGN MUSCLE TISSUE
1. Rhabdomyoma2. Leiomyoma
440
a benign tumor of tissue used for movement.
muscle tissue
441
benign muscle tissue is also called...
myoma
442
a benign tumor of skeletal muscle tissue
rhabdomyoma
443
a benign tumor of sooth muscle tissue
leiomyoma
444
Types of BENIGN CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Osteoma2. Chondroma3. Lipoma4. Angioma5. Fibroma
445
benign tumor of bone
osteoma
446
benign tumor of cartilage.
chondroma
447
cartilage is a form of.....
connective tissue
448
a benign tumor of fatty connective tissue
lipoma
449
a benign tumor of vascular tissue
angioma
450
types of Angiomas
1. Hemangioma2. Lymphangloma
451
a benign tumor of blood vascular tissue
hemangioma
452
example of hemangioma....usually a shade of red.
birthmarks
453
a benign tumor of lymph vascular tissue....usually a shade of white or yellow.
lymphangloma
454
a benign tumor of fibrous connective tissue
fibroma
455
benign tumor that originates in the movement of neurons
nervous tissue
456
benign nervous tissue is also called...
neuroma
457
Types of MALIGNANT neoplasms
1. Epithelial tissue2. Connective tissue3. Muscle tissue4. Nervous tissue
458
indicate a malignant tumor that originates in any type of epithelial tissue
carcinoma
459
types of carcinoma
1. Melanoma2.Squamous cell3. Adenocarcinoma4. Transitional cell carcinoma5. Bascel cell carcinoma
460
a malignant pigmented tumor.
melanoma
461
(makes up skin tissue). A malignant tumor of squamous cell epithelia
squamous cell
462
most common name given for squamous cell is .....
skin cancer
463
Squamous cell is the most ________ reported form of _________________ in adults
frequentlymalignant tumors
464
gland - a malignant tumor of glandular epithelia.
Adenocarcinoma
465
most famous form of Adenocarcinoma...
breast cancer
466
a malignant tumor of transitional cell epithelia
transitional cell carcinoma
467
common form of transitional cell carcinoma
bladder cancer
468
a malignant tumor of bascel cell epithelia tissue.
bascel cell carcinoma
469
_______________ is the most lethal site of bascel cell carcinoma malignancy in ADULTS (MALE & FEMALE)
lung cancer
470
______________is the most lethal site of bascel cell carcinoma malignancy in CHILDREN
Leukemia
471
Type of MALIGNANT connective tissue
Sarcoma
472
Types of Sarcoma
1. Osteosarcoma2. Chondrosarcoma3. Liposarcoma4. Fibrosarcoma5. Angiosarcoma6. Lymphoma
473
malignant tumor of bone
osteosarcoma
474
example of osteosarcoma
bone cancer
475
malignant tumor of cartilage
chondrosarcoma
476
What is a benign tumor of connective tissue?
Chondroma
477
malignant tumor of fatty connective tissue
liposarcoma
478
What do you call a tumor that infiltrates fatty connective tissue?
liposarcoma
479
malignant tumor of fibrous connective tissue
fibrosarcoma
480
malignant tumor of vascular tissue- blood or lymph
angiosarcoma
481
types of angiosarcoma
1. Hemangiosarcoma2. Lymphangiosarcoma
482
malignant tumor of blood vascular tissue
hemangiosarcoma
483
malignant tumor of lymph vascular tissue
lymphangiosarcoma
484
malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
lymphoma
485
Three tumors that end in "oma", which indicates a malignant tumor
1. Melanoma2. Lymphoma3. Glioma
486
example of Lymphoma
Hodgkin's disease
487
an enlarged cervical lymphoid usually on the left side of the neck in young adult males
Hodgkin's disease
488
still has a malignant tumor, but it does not present itself in young males...malignant tumor in the spleen
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
489
The largest mass of lymphoid tissue in body is the_________
spleen
490
the largest and most active lymphoid tissue during INFANCY is the ____________
thymus gland
491
Sarcoma is also used for malignant tumor of ______________ as well as ____________.
muscle tissueconnective tissue
492
Malignant muscle tissue also known as
myosarcoma
493
Types of MALIGNANT muscle tissue
1. Rhabdomyosarcoma2. Leiomyosarcoma
494
malignant tumor of skeletal muscle tissue
Rhabdomyosarcoma
495
malignant tumor of visceral (smooth) muscle tissue
Leiomyosarcoma
496
example of Leiomyosarcoma
Esophageal cancer
497
malignant tumor of the nervous tissue
glioma
498
most common example of glioma is...
brain tumor
499
type of cancer that DOES NOT end in sarcoma
Leukemia
500
in adults, the leading cause of death resulting from cancer, regardless of sex is________
lung cancer
