Pathology Questions Flashcards
(40 cards)
what term is used to describe the parenchymal cells of the heart?
cardiomyocytes
what term best described the proliferative capacity of the heart?
permanent - terminally differentiated cells
what macromolecules stain purple with hemotoxylin
nucleic acid
What effect can infection have on healing of wounds?
more tissue damage which leads to a bigger wound area and healing by second intention
How does an infection cause a fever?
Pyrogens
What are the pathological effects of systemic inflammation?
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP, neutrophilia, eosinophilia, SAA, fibrinogen
what term is used to describe an inflammatory exudate composed of neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis and edema?
suppurative (pus)
what two cell types interact to cause chronic inflammation?
macrophages and lymphocytes
How does central tolerance identify T-cells that recognise peripheral antigens?
expression of peripheral antigen genes by the autoimmune regulator (AIRE)
what is peripheral tolerance - anergy?
self-reactive T-cells are not activated in the absence of costimulation by innate immune cells
what is peripheral tolerance - deletion?
self-reactive T-cells undergo apoptosis in the presence of cognate antigen
what is peripheral tolerance - regulation?
activation of self-reactive T-cells is inhibited by regulatory T-cell that recognises the same antigen
why does B-cell tolerance not need to be as successful as the elimination of self-reactive T-cells?
because they would need help from auto-reactive CD4+ T-cells (what are the chances the B and T cell will have the same antigen binding receptor)
what is peripheral tolerance - ignorance?
self-reactive B-cells are unable to see cognate antigen (only going to see extracellular receptors therefore can make nuclear antibodies that won’t be dangerous)
What are the genetic factors that can predispose an individual to an immune disease?
HLA polymorphisms, lymphocyte activation, AIRE, apoptosis, clearance
What are the environmental factors that can trigger an autoimmune disease?
Inflammation, modification by drugs and toxins, microbiome, tissue injury and molecular mimicry
What donor antigen is recognised by CD8+ T-cells in graft rejection and where are these antigens expressed in the graft?
MHC class I on all nucleated cells
What environmental factor provides co-stimulation signals for T-cell activation in graft rejection?
inflammation
what is a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction
type IV
what hypersensitivity reaction is caused by IgE recognition of an environmental antigen?
type I
what hypersensitivity occurs when immune complexes are deposited in blood vessels
type III
what hypersensitivity reaction is caused by IgG recognition of fixed endogenous antigens
type II
what cells of the innate immune response recognize Fc portion of IgG?
neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages
what is the name of the receptor that recognises IgG
FcR-gamma
