Pathology (Sections 11-15) Flashcards
(251 cards)
1
Q
Pattern of sarcomere formation associated with COVERLOAD?
A
Parallel
2
Q
Pattern of sarcomere formation associated with VOLUME OVERLOAD?
A
Series
3
Q
Heart Failure Cells
A
Hemosiderin-laden Macrophages
4
Q
Nutmeg Liver
A
Centrilobular congestion and ischemia
5
Q
Most common genetic cause of congenital heart defects
A
Trisomy 21
6
Q
Marker of irreversibility in Congestive Heart Disease
A
Pulmonary Hypertension
7
Q
Most common type of ASD
A
Secundum (90%)
8
Q
Timetable for PFO Closure
A
Closed in 80% of individuals by 2 years
9
Q
Most common Congenital Heart Disease
A
VSD
10
Q
Most common type of VSD?
A
Perimembranous (90%)
11
Q
Size of defect in non-restrictive VSD
A
> 10mm
12
Q
Factors involved in PDA closure
A
Increased:
Oxygen Tension
Decreased:
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
Prostaglandin E2
13
Q
Components of ductus arteriosus in preterm infants that are ABSENT in term infants?
A
Mucoid Epithelium
Muscular Media
14
Q
Most common cyanotic CHD
A
Tetralogy of Fallot
15
Q
Primary defect in ToF
A
Anterosuperior displacement of infundibular septum
16
Q
Mild pulmonary stenosis in ToF; clinically resembles isolated VSD
A
Pink ToF
17
Q
Ventriculoarterial Discordance
CXR: Egg-on-the-side, Apple-on-a-stem
A
TGA
18
Q
Absence of direct communication between RA and RV
A
Tricuspid Atresia
19
Q
Coarctation found proximal to the PDA
Lower extremity cyanosis
RVH/Biventricular
A
Infantile Type
20
Q
Coarctation distal to the arch vessels Upper extremity HPN Ribnotching Increased blood flow to intercostal vessels LVH
A
Adult Type
21
Q
Vessels most commonly involved in MI
A
Left Anterior Descending (40-50%) Right Coronary (30-40%) Left Circumflex (15-20%)
22
Q
Myocardial Infarction Progression:
Pale zone seen with triphenyltetrazolium chloride
A
2 to 3 hours
23
Q
Myocardial Infarction Progression:
Conversion to a pale, soft, tan infarct
A
12 to 24 hours
24
Q
Myocardial Infarction Progression:
Conversion to a fibrous scar
A
10 days to 2 weeks
25
Myocardial Infarction Progression:
Microscopically apparent coagulative necrosis
6 to 12 hours
26
Myocardial Infarction Progression:
Acute inflammation; neutrophilic predominance
1 to 3 days
27
Myocardial Infarction Progression:
Macrophagocytic predominance
3 to 7 days
28
Most sensitive and specific cardiac biomarkers for MI
Troponin T, Tropinin I
29
Biomarker used to assess possible rinfarction
CK-MB
| returns to normal levels within 2 to 3 days
30
Pathophysiology: Dressler Syndrome
Fibrinous pericarditis in a post-MI setting
Also known as:
Postmyocardial infarct syndrome
31
Most common CAUSE of Sudden Cardiac Death
Coronary Artery Disease (80%)
32
Most common MECHANISM of Sudden Cardiac Death
Lethal Arrhythmia
33
Most common cause of arrhythmias
Ischemic injury
34
Earliest histologic change in hypertensive heart disease
Increased transverse diameter of cardiac myocytes
35
Most common valvular heart disease
Calcific Aortic Stenosis
36
Aschoff Bodies
Foci of T-Cells, Plasma Cells, and Anitschkow Cells
Pathognomonic of Rheumatic Fever
37
Anitschkow Cells
Enlarged macrophages found in Aschoff Bodies
Also called Caterpillar Cells
38
Fequency of involvement of valves in RF
Decreasing frequency:
Mitral
Aortic
Tricuspid
Pulmonic
39
MacCallum Plaques
Irregular subendocardial thickenings seen in regurgitant processes
40
Small cardiac vegetations seen along lines of closure, overlying fibrinoid necrosis
Verrucae
41
Deformity seen in calcification and fibrous bridging of valvular commisures
Fish Mouth / Button Hole
42
Major manifestations of RF
Mnemonic: J<3NES
```
Joints (Arthritis)
Heart (Carditis)
Nodules (Subcutaneous)
Erythema Marginatum
Sydenham Chorea
```
43
Hallmark of infective endocarditis
Vegetations
44
Most commonly affected valves in infective endocarditis
In general: Left-sided (Mitral, Aortic)
IV Drug Users: Right-sided (Pulmonic, Tricuspid)
45
Small-medium sized vegetations on BOTH sides of the valve leaflet
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
46
Small, BLAND vegetations attached to the lines of closure
Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis
Previously known as Marantic Endocarditis
47
Flushing
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Bronchoconstriction
Carcinoid Syndrome
48
Glistening white, intimal, plaque-like thickenings in endocardium
Usually affects right side of the heart
Associated with massive hepatic metastases
Carcinoid Heart Disease
49
Cardiomyopathy with systolic dysfunction
(EF < 40%)
Titin defect (in 20% of cases)
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
50
Massive, assymetric myocyte hypertrophy with myofiber disarray and interstitial fibrosis
Associated with defective Beta Myosin Heavy Chain
Diastolic dysfunction; EF may be preserved
Hypertrophc Cardiomyopathy
51
Cardiomyopathy secondary to excess catecholamines from psychologic stress
Tako-tsubo Cardiomyopathy
52
Pathophysiology: Arrhythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy
Defective desmosomes
Severely thinned RV myocardium with fatty infiltrates and fibrosis
53
Pathophysiology: Naxos Syndrome
Plakoglobin Mutation
SSx of ARVC + Hyperkeratosis of plantar and palmar skin surfaces
54
Most common infectious cause of myocarditis
Viral (Coxsackie A and B, Enterovorus)
55
```
Atrial involvement (LA > RA)
Ball-valve Obstruction
Solitary, sessile/pedunculated mass mottled with hemorrhage
```
Most comkon primary cardiac tumor in adults
Myxoma
56
Ventricular involvement
Multiple gray-white masses
Spider cells
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
57
Beck Triad
1. Increased JVP
2. Arterial hypotension
3. Muffled Heart Sounds
58
Systolic retraction of the rib cage and diaphragm and pulsus paradoxus in the setting of CHRONIC pericarditis
Adhesive mediastinopericarditis
59
Single most important long-term limitation of cardiac transplantation
```
Allograft arteriopathy
(Diffuse intimal proliferation of coronary arteries leading to ischemia)
```
60
Clinically significant neutropenia (< 500/mm^3)
Most common cause: Drug Toxicity
Agranulocytosis
61
Lymphadenitis histologically composed of:
1. Light zone of Centrocytes
2. Dark zone of Centroblasts
3. Tingible Body Macrophages
Follicular Hyperplasia (B-Cell)
62
Lymphadenitis histologically composed of:
1. Immunoblasts
2. Hypertrophic sinusoidal and vascular endothelial cells
Parafollicular Hyperplasia (T-Cells)
63
Lymphadenitis histologically composed of an increased number of macrophages and cells lining lymphatic sinusoids
Sinus Histiocytosis / Reticular Hyperplasia
64
Congenital form of Neutropenia
Korstmann Syndrome
65
Most common cancer in children
Acute Lymphocytic blastic Leukemia
66
Most common leukemia of adults in the western world
Chonic Lymphocytic Leukemia,
| Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
67
Most commonly n ndolent lymphoma in adults
Follicular Lymphoma
68
Most common lymphoma of adults
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
69
Most common form of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
70
```
Early childhood
Presents as BM Failure
Hypercellular marrow with lymphoblasts
Immunostain: TdT (95%)
Metastases: Meninges, Testes (sanctuary site)
```
B-Cell Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
71
```
Adolescent males
Presents as thymic masses
NOTCH-1 Mutation (70%)
Hypercellular marrow with lymphoblasts
Immunostain: TdT (95%)
Metastases: Meningeal, Testes (sanctuary site)
```
T-Cell Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
72
Poor prognostic factors in ALL
1. Age less than 2 and greater than 10 years
| 2. WBC > 100,000
73
Favorable prognostic factors in ALL
1. Age 2-10
2. WBC < 100,000
3. Hyperdiploidy
4. Trisomy 4, 7, and 10
5. T(12;21) mutation
74
60 years, M > F
Hypogammaglobulinemia
PBS: Small lymphocytes, Smudge Cells
Peripheral lymphocytosis: > 5,000/mm^3
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
75
Difference between Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL)
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytosis
CLL: > 5,000 / mm^3
SLL: < 5,000 / mm^3
76
Pathophysiology: Richter Syndrome
Transformation of CLL into more aggressive lymphomas, usually Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
77
Middle Age
Painless, generalized lymphadenopathy
BCL2/t(14;18) Mutation in 90%
BMA: Paratrabecular Lymphoid Aggregates (85%)
Histologically similar to B-Cell Hyperplasia WITHOUT Tingible Body Macrophages
Incurable
Follicular Lymphoma
78
60 years, M > F
Rapidly enlarging nodal or extranodal mass
BCL6, BCL2 Mutation (10-20%)
Aggressive, rapidly fatal
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
79
Immunostians used in DLBCL
1. CD45 (lymphoid)
2. CK (Epithelial)
3. Vimentin (mesenchymal)
80
```
Mandibular mass
Latent EBV Infection in ALL cases
MYC t(8:14) Mutation
"Starry Sky" Pattern
Aggressive but treatable
```
Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma
81
```
Ileocecal or peritoneal mass
Latent EBV Infection in 10-20%
MYC t(8:14) Mutation
"Starry Sky" Pattern
Aggressive but treatable
```
Sporadic Burkitt Lymphoma
82
```
"Punched-out" bony lesions
Pain, Hypercalcemia, Recurrent Infections
Cyclin overexpression
Histology: Russel Bodies, Dutcher Bodies
Bence-Jones Proteinuria (Ig light-chain)
M Proteins (monoclonal antibodies)
```
Multiple Myeloma
83
Indicator of poor prognosis in Multiple Myeloma
Elevated IL-6
84
"Solitary MM"
| Most progress to multiple myeloma within 7-10 years
Solitary Plasmacytoma
85
Same presentation as CLL/SLL
Plasma Cell Differentiation
Hyperviscosity Syndrome
No bone manifestations
Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma
| Waldenstrom Macroglobulnemia
86
Features: Hyperviscosity Syndrome
1. Visual Changes
2. Neurologic Deficits
3. Bleeding
4. Cryoglobulinemia
87
Painless lymphadenopathy
Naive B-Cell origin
No prolymphocytes, centroblasts
Poor prognosis
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
88
Seen in tissues with CHRONIC inflammation
Memory B-Cell origin
Regresses when inciting agent is removed
Marginal Zone Lymphoma
89
```
Splenomegaly
B-Cell Origin
Associated with atypical mycobacteria
"Dry Tap"
Excellent prognosis
```
Hairy Cell Leukemia
90
T-Cell Origin
Hallmark: Large anaplastc cells with horseshoe-shaped nuclei
(+) CD30, ALK
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
91
CD4+ T-Cell Origin
Cloverleaf Cells (multilobulated nuclei)
HTLV-1 (retrovirus) infection
Poor prognosis
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
92
CD4+ Helper T-Cell Origin in skin
Pautrier Microabscesses
Sezary Syndrome
Mycosis Fungoides
Also known as Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
93
Pautrier Microabscess
Infiltration of epidermis and upper dermis by Sezary Cells
Seen in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
94
Pathophysiology: Sezary Syndrome
Generalized exfoliative erythroderma with leukemia of Sezary Cells
95
T-Cells with cerebriform nuclei
Seen in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Sezary Cells
96
Reed-Sternberg Cells
"Owl-eye Nuclei"
| Diagnostic of Hodgkin Lymphoma
97
Lymphoma more often localized to single axial group of nodes
Contiguous Spread
Rare extranodal presentation
Hodgkin Lymphoma
98
Sexual predisposition of HL
M > F
| except Nodular Sclerosis-type; M=F
99
Hodgkin Lymphoma most commonly associated with HIV
Lymphocyte Depleted HL
100
FAB M3 Mutation
Faggot Cells
Associated with DIC
Treatable: ATRA
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
101
Cells with multiple needle-like azurophilic granules (Auer Rods)
Seen in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Faggot Cells
102
Defective hematopoietic maturation
Bone Marrow Failure
Poor prognosis
```
Ringed Sideroblasts (erythroid)
Pseudo-Pelget-Huet Cells (granulocytic)
Pawn Ball (megakaryocytic)
```
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
103
Erythroblasts with Prussian Blue (+) iron-laden mitochondria
Seen in MDS
Ringed Sideroblasts
104
PMN's with only 2 lobes
Seen in MDS
Pseudo-Pelget-Huet Cells
105
Megakaryocytes with single, multilobulated nuclei OR multiple, separated nuclei
Seen in MDS
Pawn Ball Megakaryocyte
106
BCR-ABL t(9;22)
Philadelphia Chromosome
Seen in CHronic Myelogenous Leukemia
107
Preferential proliferation of granulocytic and magakaryocytic lines
Philadelphia Chromoosome
Hypercellular marrow with sea-blue histiocytes
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
108
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
10-19% Myeloblasts
Increasing splenomegaly
Accelerated Phase
109
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
>20% Myeloblasts
Large cluster of blasts in BMA
Chloroma (focus of leukemia outside BM)
Blast Crisis
110
Plethoric
Erythromelalgia
JAK2 Mutation in most cases
Increase in all cell lines, esp. erythroid
Polycythemia Vera
111
Increase in megakaryocyte cell line
Erythromelalgia
Giant platelets in peripheral blood
JAK2 Mutation in HALF of cases
Essential Thrombocytosis
112
```
Extensive, non-neoplastic deposition of collagen in BM
Hepatosplenomegaly
Decreased Erythroid line
Leukoerythroblastosis
Dacryocytes
```
Primary Myelofibrosis
113
Tear-drop Cell
Abnormally-shaped poikilocyte
Seen in Myelofibrosis
Dacryocyte
114
Proliferative disorder of Dendritic Cells
| Birbeck Granules
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
115
Racket-shaped cytoplasmic organelles found exclusively in Langerhans Cells
Contain Langerin Proteins
Birbeck Granules
116
Most common Thymic Malignancy
SCCA
117
Intrinsic type of hemolysis with INTRAVASCULAR hemolysis
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
(Intrinsic)
G6PD
(Mixed)
118
Autosomal Dominant
Spherical cells without central pallor
Elevated MCHC
Diagnostic: Osmotic Fragility Test
Hereditary Spherocytosis
119
```
X-Linked Recessive
Reduced NAPH for glutathione reduction
Heinz Bodies in asplenic patients
Bite Cells
Protective against Malaria
```
Diagnostic: NBS
Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
120
Autosomal Recessive
Mutation in 6th codon of Beta-Globulin gene (Glu to Val)
Target Cells (Codocytes)
Howell-Jolly Bodies (in asplenic patients)
Protective against Malaria
Diagnostic: Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Sickle Ccell Anemia
121
Heinz Body
Intracellular inclusion in RBCs composed of denatured hemoglobin
Seen in G6PD Deficiency
122
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Seen in Sickle Cell Anemia
123
Major hemoglobins of Beta-Thalassemia
Major:
HbF (a2y2)
Minor:
HbA2 (a2d2)
124
Major hemoglobins of Alpha-Thalassemia
Newborns:
Barts (y4)
Older:
HbH (b4)
125
```
PIGA Mutation
Decreased DAF (CD55), CD59, C8 Binding Protein
MAC-mediated intravascular hemolysis
Mechanism enhanced by acidic nocturnal blood pH
```
Diagnostic: Flow Cytometry
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
126
Hemolysis characterized by partial phagocytosis and conversion of RBCs to spherocytes
Warm Hemolysis
127
Cold Hemolysis
Hemolysis characterized by opsonization via C3b
128
Common function of Folic Acid and Cobalamin
Conversion of homocysteine to methionine during tetrahydrofolate regeneration
129
MoA: decreased transferrin in Anemia of Chronic Disease
IL-6 upregulates Hepcidin;
Hepcidin promotes intracellular storage of Iron, and inhibits its GIT absorption
130
Infectious etiology of Pure Red Cell Aplasia
Parvovirus B19
131
Pathophysiology: Myelophthisic Anemia
Anemia from ANY space-occupying lesion that replaces normal marrow elements
132
Autoantibodies involved in ITP
Antibodies (IgG) against Gp IIb/IIIa and Gp Ib-IX (80%)
133
Pathophysiology: Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia
Type I:
Direct aggregating effect of Heparin
Type II:
Platelet activation and aggregation initiated by antibodies directed against Heparin-Platelet Factor 4 Complex
134
Most common hematologic manifestation of HIV
HIV-associated Thrombocytopenia
135
```
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Renal Failure
Fever
Neurologic Manifestations
```
Decreased ADAMTS13 (metalloproteinase that degrades vWF)
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic Purpura
136
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Renal Failure
Normal ADAMTS13
Associated with EHEC infections (Typical variant)
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
137
True or False?
Glanzmann Thrombasthenia presents with Thrombocytopenia
True
138
Most common inherited bleeding disorder
vWF Disease
| Autosomal Dominant
139
Types of vWF Disease
Type 1: Mild, Quantitative
Type 2: Qualitative
Type 3: Severe, Quantitative
140
Most common hereditary syndrome associated with life-threatening bleeding
Hemophilia
| X-linked Recessive
141
X-linked Recessive
Factor VIII Deficiency
Diagnostic: Factor Assay
Hemophilia A
142
X-linked Recessive
Factor IX Deficiency
Diagnostic: Factor Assay
Hemophilia B
| Christmas Disease
143
Hemophilia Severity
Mild: 6-50%
Moderate: 2-5%
Severe: < or = 1%
144
Pathophysiology: Transfusion-related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)
Activation of PMNs in the lung vasculature
145
Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage secondary to fibrin thrombi
Waterhouse-Friedrichsen Syndrome
146
1. Large vascular tumors
2. Thrombocytopenia
3. Consumptive Coagulopathy
Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome
147
Histologic manifstation of ARDS
Diffuse alveolar damage
148
Type of emphysma involving the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli.
Deficiency in anti-proteases dictate pathogenessis
Panacinar
| versus Centriacinar
149
Curschmann Spirals
Whorls of shed epithelium
Seen in Status Asthmaticus
150
Charcot-Leyden Crystals
Eosinophilic crystals seen in Status Asthmaticus
151
Pathophysiology: Kartagener Syndrome
Prmary ciliary dyskinesia
152
Earliest lesion in interstitial pneumonia
Fibroblast Focus
153
Late lesion in Interstitial Pneumonia
Honeycomb Fibrosis
154
Nonneoplastic lung reaction to inhaled organic/inorganic dust, usually in the workplace
Pneumoconioses
155
Coal macules (macrophages) within a collagen fiber network
Coal Nodules
156
Most commonly implicated: Quartz
Increased susceptibility to TB
CXR: Eggshell Calcifications
Silicosis
157
Carcinogenic mechanism of Asbestos
1. Amphibole geometric form
2. Free radical generation
3. Surface for adhesion of other carcinogenic substances
158
Most common malignancy associated with Asbestos
Lung carcinoma
159
Mean PA pressure at rest
> 25mm Hg
160
Most common cause of CAP
Streptococcus pneumoniae
161
Most common bacterial cause of acute COPD exacerbation
Hemophilus influenzae
162
Second most common bacterial cause of acute COPD exacerbations
Moraxella catarrhalis
163
```
Organism associated with:
Post-viral pneumonia
Pneumonia in IV drug users
HCAP
Lung Abscesses
Empyema
```
Staphylococcus aureus
164
Most common cause of gram negative bacterial pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumoniae
165
Pontiac Fever
| Legionnaire's Disease
Legionella pneumophila
166
Major cause of pandemic and epidemic viral pneumonia
Influenza A Virus
| Orthomyxovirus
167
Cardinal histologic change in Lung Abscesses
Suppurative destruction of parenchyma within the cavitation
168
Most common lung carcinoma
Peripherally located
Female, Non-smokers
No paraneoplastic syndromes
Adenocarcinoma
169
Second most common lung carcinoma
Centrally located
Males, Smokers
Paraneoplastic: Hypercalcemia
Squamous Cell
170
```
Third most common lung carcinoma
Either central or peripheral
Strongest association with smokers
Paraneoplastic: SIADH, Cushing
No precursor lesions
```
Small Cell
171
Azzopardi Effect
Basophilic staining of vascular walls, indicating adherent DNA from necrotic cells
172
Pathophysiology:
| Lambert Eaton Myesthenic Syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against presynaptic calcium channels in the NMJ
173
Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with Pancoast tumors
Horner Syndrome
174
Low-grade malignant epithelial neoplasm
Neuroendocrine origin
Intraluminal polypoid mass in mainstem bronchi
"Collar Button" Lesion
Carcinoids
175
Volume of pleural fluid
15 L
176
Light Criteria
1. Pleural fluid to serum protein ratio > 0.5
2. Pleural fluid to serum LDH ratio > 0.6
3. Pleural fluid greater than 2/3 the normal upper limit in serum
If suspecting transudative fluid, difference between serum and pleural fluid protein >31 g/dL
177
Pneumothorax sufficient to cause compression of the mediastinal structures
Tension
178
Pulmonary tumor
Dense fibrous tissue with occasional cysts
Whorls of reticulin and collagen with spindle cells
CD34 (+)
Keratin (-)
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
179
Pulmonary Tumor
Thick, soft, gelatinous, pink tumor
Histology: Epithelioid (60%), Sarcomatoid, Mixed
Strong association with Asbestos
Malignant Mesothelioma
180
Main cause of tooth loss before age 35
Dental carries
181
Calcified dental plaque
Calculus
182
Inflammation of periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone, and cementum
Periodontitis
183
Common pathogens for Periodontitis
Actinobacillus
Porphyromonas
Prevotella
184
Painful, shallow oral ulcers
Most common during first 2 decades of life
Associated with Behcet Disease
Regresses in 7-10 days
Aphthuous Ulcer
185
High risk of recurrence is an indication for complete excision to the level of the periosteum
Pyogenic Granuloma
186
HSV 1 Infection
Gingival involvement
Painful ulcerations with serous vesicles/bullae
Intracellular and intercellular edema (Acantholysis)
Diagnostic: Tzanck Smear
Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
187
HSV 2 Infection
Reactivation of latent infection
Site of primary inoculation and areas sharing same innervation
Painful ulcerations with serous vesicles/bullae
Intracellular and intercellular edema (Acantholysis)
Diagnostic: Tzanck Smear
Recurrent Herpetic Stomatitis
188
Most common oral fungal infection
Candidiasis
189
Histologic manifstation of ARDS
Diffuse alveolar damage
190
Type of emphysma involving the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli.
Deficiency in anti-proteases dictate pathogenessis
Panacinar
| versus Centriacinar
191
Curschmann Spirals
Whorls of shed epithelium
Seen in Status Asthmaticus
192
Charcot-Leyden Crystals
Eosinophilic crystals seen in Status Asthmaticus
193
Pathophysiology: Kartagener Syndrome
Prmary ciliary dyskinesia
194
Earliest lesion in interstitial pneumonia
Fibroblast Focus
195
Late lesion in Interstitial Pneumonia
Honeycomb Fibrosis
196
Nonneoplastic lung reaction to inhaled organic/inorganic dust, usually in the workplace
Pneumoconioses
197
Coal macules (macrophages) within a collagen fiber network
Coal Nodules
198
Most commonly implicated: Quartz
Increased susceptibility to TB
CXR: Eggshell Calcifications
Silicosis
199
Carcinogenic mechanism of Asbestos
1. Amphibole geometric form
2. Free radical generation
3. Surface for adhesion of other carcinogenic substances
200
Most common malignancy associated with Asbestos
Lung carcinoma
201
Mean PA pressure at rest
> 25mm Hg
202
Seen in EBV Infections
| White, confluent, hyperkeratotic plaques that cannot be scraped off
Hairy Leukoplakia
203
Comprise 95% of head and neck cancers
Tumors associated with smoking and alcoholism (Classical) have worse prognoses than thos associated with HPv 16
Squamous Cell CA
204
True cyst
Usually solitary
Associated with impacted third molar
Recurrence in incomplete resection
Dentigirous Cyst
205
```
True Cyst
Keratinized
Solitary (80%), posterior mandible
Locally aggressive; recurs with incomplete excision
Associated with Gorlin Syndrome
```
Kertatocystic Odontogenic Tumor
| Odontogenic Keratocyst
206
Pathophysiology: Gorlin Syndrome
Inherited multisystemic disorder characterized by an increased risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer
207
Most common epithelial odontogenic tumor
Ameloblastoma
208
Pathophysiology: Schneiderian Papilloma
Histologically benign, biologically aggressive nasopharyngeal tumor.
Associated with HPV 6 and HPV 11
209
Most radiosensitive type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Undifferentiated
210
Single or multiple laryngeal nodules
Squamous cortex with loose myxoid core
Associated with smoking and voice straining
No risk of malignancy
Reactive Nodules
211
Elderly males (60's)
Persistent hoarseness, dysphagia, dysphonia
Hyperplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence
Most common type: Squamous Cell
Laryngeal Carcinoma
212
Most common causes of acute bacterial otitis media
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Haemophilus influenzae, non-typable
3. Moraxella catarrhalis
213
Common site of Otosclerosis
Rim of the Oval Window
214
Remnant of the second branchial arch
Presents as lateral neck mass along SCM
True cysts
Branchial Cleft Cyst
Also known as
Cervical Lymphoepithelial Cyst
215
Remnant of embryonic thyroid descent
True cyst
Presents as midline neck mass
Most common congenital anomaly of the Thyroid
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
216
Types of Paragangliomas by location
Paravertebral (Sympathetic)
Aorticopulmonary Chain (Parasympathetic)
217
Histologic features of Paragangliomas
Zellballen with delicate vascular septae
Salt-and-pepper Chromatin
No Atypia
218
Most common cause of Xerostomia
Drugs
219
Most common type of salivary gland lesion
Mucocoele
220
True cysts associated with sublingual duct damage
Ranula
221
Most common form of viral sialadenitis
Mumps
222
Most commonly affected gland in sialolithiasis
Submandibular
223
Most common site of salivary gland tumors
Parotid Gland
224
Most common salivary gland tumor
Pleiomorphic Adenoma
225
Most common primary malignant salivary gland tumor
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
226
Second most common bengn tumor of the salivary glands
Almost exclusively involves Parotids
Associated with smoking
Warthin Tumor
Also known as:
Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum
227
Seen in EBV Infections
| White, confluent, hyperkeratotic plaques that cannot be scraped off
Hairy Leukoplakia
228
Comprise 95% of head and neck cancers
Tumors associated with smoking and alcoholism (Classical) have worse prognoses than those associated with HPV 16
Squamous Cell CA
229
True cyst
Usually solitary
Associated with impacted third molar
Recurrence in incomplete resection
Dentigirous Cyst
230
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True Cyst
Keratinized
Solitary (80%), posterior mandible
Locally aggressive; recurs with incomplete excision
Associated with Gorlin Syndrome
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Kertatocystic Odontogenic Tumor
| Odontogenic Keratocyst
231
Pathophysiology: Gorlin Syndrome
Inherited multisystemic disorder characterized by an increased risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer
232
Most common epithelial odontogenic tumor
Ameloblastoma
233
Pathophysiology: Schneiderian Papilloma
Histologically benign, biologically aggressive nasopharyngeal tumor.
Associated with HPV 6 and HPV 11
234
Most radiosensitive type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Undifferentiated
235
Single or multiple laryngeal nodules
Squamous cortex with loose myxoid core
Associated with smoking and voice straining
No risk of malignancy
Reactive Nodules
236
Elderly males (60's)
Persistent hoarseness, dysphagia, dysphonia
Hyperplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence
Most common type: Squamous Cell
Laryngeal Carcinoma
237
Most common causes of acute bacterial otitis media
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Haemophilus influenzae, non-typable
3. Moraxella catarrhalis
238
Common site of Otosclerosis
Rim of the Oval Window
239
Remnant of the second branchial arch
Presents as lateral neck mass along SCM
True cysts
Branchial Cleft Cyst
Also known as
Cervical Lymphoepithelial Cyst
240
Remnant of embryonic thyroid descent
True cyst
Presents as midline neck mass
Most common congenital anomaly of the Thyroid
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
241
Types of Paragangliomas by location
Paravertebral (Sympathetic)
Aorticopulmonary Chain (Parasympathetic)
242
Histologic features of Paragangliomas
Zellballen with delicate vascular septae
Salt-and-pepper Chromatin
No Atypia
243
Most common cause of Xerostomia
Drugs
244
Most common type of salivary gland lesion
Mucocoele
245
True cysts associated with sublingual duct damage
Ranula
246
Most common form of viral sialadenitis
Mumps
247
Most commonly affected gland in sialolithiasis
Submandibular
248
Most common site of salivary gland tumors
Parotid Gland
249
Most common salivary gland tumor
Pleiomorphic Adenoma
250
Most common primary malignant salivary gland tumor
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
251
Second most common bengn tumor of the salivary glands
Almost exclusively involves Parotids
Associated with smoking
Warthin Tumor
Also known as:
Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum
