Pathology Semester 2 Flashcards
(388 cards)
1
Q
What does VITAMIN D stand for?
A
Vascular, Inflammatory, Trauma, Autoimmune, Metabolic and hormonal, Idiopathic, Neoplastic, Developmental and Degenerative
2
Q
What are the layers in skin histologically?
A
Basal lamina and basal layer of cells. Melanocytes in epidermis. Stratum spinosum with Langerhans cells, stratum granulosum at top with superficial keratin. Superficial and deep dermis, then hypodermis.
3
Q
2 glands associated with hair follicle?
A
sebaceous and apocrine
4
Q
3 phases of hair growth?
A
Anagen and catagen and telogen
5
Q
acantholysis v acanthosis
A
loss of keratinocyte adhesion, increase in thickness of stratum spinosum
6
Q
ballooning degeneration
A
intracellular oedema
7
Q
bullae
A
collection of fluid
8
Q
folliculitis v furunculosis
A
inflm of mural, luminal or perifollicular follicle. perifollicular inflammation due to hair follicle rupture - a pyogranulomatous reaction
9
Q
hyperkeratosis
A
increase in keratin thickness. can be with (para) or without (ortho) keratotic.
10
Q
pigmentary incontinence
A
melanin granules and melanophages in dermis.
11
Q
seborrhoea
A
increase scale formation with or without greasiness
12
Q
spongiosis
A
epidermal intercellular oedema
13
Q
vesicle v pustule
A
fluid filled blister <1cm. Pustule is cavity filled with inflammatory cells.
14
Q
Vascular GROSS skin lesions
A
multifocal, target shaped, deep red colour due to infarctions
15
Q
Vasculitis skin lesions CAUSE
A
Endotheliotropic organisms (R. rickettsia), immune complex deposition, septic emboli (E. rhusopathiae).
16
Q
Predilection sites for vasculitis lesions
A
ears, lips, tail
17
Q
HISTO of vasculitis skin
A
karyorrhectic cell debris and fibrinoid necrosis of vessel wall with fibrin and haemorrhage. If chronic, faded vessel outline.
18
Q
3 types of vasculitis
A
neutrophilic, lymphoplasmacytic, eosinophilic
19
Q
Types of superficial bacterial pyoderma?
A
impetigo, exudative epidermitis, dermatophilosis
20
Q
impetigo synonym, severity and gross
A
superficial pustular dermatitis, least severity, erythematous papule (pustules)
21
Q
exudative epidermitis synonym, organism, patho
A
greasy pig, S. hyicus, exotoxin cleaves btw stratum corneum and granulosum.
22
Q
dermatophilosis synonym, organism
A
rain scald, D. congolensis, continuous invasion, inflammation and regeneration
23
Q
Deep pyoderma organisms
A
staph spp, strept spp, corynebacterium spp, pseudomonas spp
24
Q
Deep pyoderma GROSS
A
papules and pustules, crusts and coalescing ulcers with alopecia. dark red nodules with fistulae. lymphadenopathy, fever and epidermal acanthosis.
25
deep pyoderma HISTO
neutrophilic folliculitis and furunculosis
26
Abscess and cellulitis GROSS
focal, non-specific suppurative inflammation of deep dermis, assoc with fever and LNadenopathy. can progress to necrotising fasciitis
27
Abscess and cellulitis HISTO
circumscribed core of necrotic material and degenerative Np with granulation tissue. Cellulitis poorly circumscribed extensive suppurative or pyogranulomatous inflammation with oedema, haemorrhages and thrombosis
28
Cutaneous bacterial granulomas organisms and type of inflm
Actinomyces and Nocardia spp also Mycobacterium bovis and tuberculosis - pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis
29
Gross of cutaneous bacterial granulomas
fibrotic and ulcerative nodules with draining fistulae
30
3 viral family causes of inflammatory dermatitis - diff btw the inclusion bodies?
pox and herpes and papilloma. Pox is intracytoplasmic, Herpes is Intranuclear. papilloma proliferative squamous disease.
31
general viral infection histo
spongiosis and eosinophilic cellular inclusion
32
2 pox virus skin organisms, gross
Orf parapoxvirus, Cowpox orthopoxvirus. cause vesicular and proliferative lesions
33
cowpox
felids, face and forepaws, ulcers, papules and pustules, fibrinonecrotic exudate
34
orf
'CPD' - lambs and kids. from lips, muzzle and sometimes legs. mf-to-c raised, flat, grey crusts
35
feline herpes cause and gross and histo
Felid herpes virus 1. nasal planum and face skin, recurring crusts and ulcers. ulcerative and necrotising dermatitis, mixed dermal infiltration
36
cutaneous fungal infections
Malessezia, dermatophytosis
37
WHWT skin condition common
M. pachydermatitis. face, ears, neck, legs. erythema, alopecia, greasiness, lichenification and hyperpigmentation. Histo parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia with spongiosis. yeasts in aggregates in stratum corneum.
38
dermatophytosis
Ringworm, Microsproum or Trichophytan. Non-pruritic. Fungi cause furunculosis and folliculitis.
39
Kerion
mycotic pyogranuloma
40
Histo of dermatophytosis
ortho and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and acanthosis, with luminal folliculitis and furunculosis.
41
subcutaneous fungal dermatitis
eumycotic mycetoma (disease name). tumour-like lesion with tumefaction, fistula and grains in discharge. caused
42
eumycotic mycetoma organism and histo
Actinomyces spp. Focal chronic suppuration with numerous granules of fungal hyphae with prominent fibrosis
43
systemic fungal dermatitis
haematogenous dissemination of... Cryptococcus, Blastomyces or Coccidiodes spp
44
2 skin-affecting protozoa
Leishmania and Besnoitiosis
45
2 forms of leishmania
alopecic (Th1 response) and nodular (Th2 response)
46
GROSS leishmania
head, limbs and dorsal midline - nodules, alopecia, ulcers or pustules.
47
leishmania histo
hyperkeratotic nodular to diffuse superificial and deep granulomatous dermatitis, with variable plasma cells
48
Parasites affecting skin
myiasis, sarcoptic mange, demodectic mange
49
Myiasis inflm type and organisms
eosinophilic and lymphocytic. Cuterebra spp (rabbit, rodent, cats). Hypoderma bovis/lineatum (cattle). Lucilia calliphora (sheep).
50
Sarcoptic mange gross and histo
inner pinna, head neck and legs. sever acanthosis, ortho and parakeratosis, spongiosis, leukocyte exocytosis and eosinophilic pustules
51
demodectic mange gross and histo
alopecia, sacling and comedones (squamous form). pustules, folliculitis, furunculosis (pustular form). ears, lips, eyes and extremitis. severe suppurative folliculitis and furunculosis
52
3 types of trauma/chemical damage to skin
physical (hot/cold/burn), chemical, actinic (direct solar effect)
53
which cells are present after a bruise has occurred?
haemosiderin laden macrophages
54
name the order of haemorrhages in size
petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, haematoma
55
2 broad classes of 'immune' disease of skin
autoimmune (pathological self reaction) and hypersensitivity (exaggerated reaction to foreign matter)
56
MOA for hypersensitivity reaction?
IgE produced in response to antigens, if linked to membrane then eosinophils release lytic granules, causes histamine release, VD, oedema.
57
Urticaria Gross, Histo and Path
type 1 hypersensitivity, acute. oedematous skin lesions. localised or widespread. circumscribed erythematous oedematous lesions. non-specific and variable histo.
58
Atopic dermatitis gross, histo and path
intense pruritus, excoriations, papules, pustules, hyperpigmentation and lichenifiction secondary to trauma to self. perivascular to interstitial lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis with oedema, eosinophils, macrophages and some epidermal hyperplasia.
59
specific regions for insect allergy? histo
lumbosacral. eosinophil dominated dermal perivascular to diffuse dermatitis with lymphocytes and low M*
60
3 broad classes of autoimmune skin disease?
phemigo-complex disease, lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme
61
phemigo-complex classes?
bullous phemigus, phemigus foliaceus, phemigus vulgaris
62
bullous phemigus target?
BPAG1 and 2
63
phemigus foliaceus target and gross?
desmoglein-1. skin only, starts from periocular and nasal skin, ears neck and ventral abdomen. erythematous maculae, pustules and erosions and crusts
64
phemigus foliaceus and histo?
acantholytic subcorneal or intragranular pustular dermatitis
65
phemigus vulgaris target? common or not? where are lesions?
Desmoglein-3. most severe and rare form. lesions on mucous membrane and mucocutaneous junctions, ulcerations and vesicles.
66
phemigus vulgaris histo?
spongiosis, vacoulation of suprabasilar layer, vesicles and bullae above basal layer. mild dermatitis.
67
types of lupus erythematous?
systemic, discoid
68
sytemic lupus erythematous (SLE) gross, histo and pth
skin around eyes, mouth, nostrils, genitalia and perineal area aswell as many organs. B cell hyperactivity, autoantibodies against nuclear contents. histo lichenoid interface dermatitis with hydropic degeneration of basal cells and lymphohistiocytic to plasmacytic infiltrate of dermo-epithelial junction.
69
discoid lupus gross, histo and path
skin only, photosensitised nasal dermatitis. nasal planum, eyrthema, depigmentation, scaling, crusting, alopecia, ulcers. Histo similar to SLE but more epidermal hyperplasia, denser infiltrate of lymphocytes.
70
erythema multiforme gross histo and path
uncommon, type 3+4 hypersensitivity. immune complexes in vessels and basal membrane. EM minor (symmetrical bilateral target lesions), EM major (widespread mucosal leisons, necrotising and vesiculobullous skin lesions and systemic illness). histo necrotic keratinocytes and satellitosis and epidermal necrosis.
71
3 vitamin responsible dermatoses?
vit A, Vit E, Vit B
72
Vit A hypovitaminosis
squamous epithelial hyperkeratosis (follicular keratosis)
73
Vit E hypovitaminosis
panniculitis due to steatonecrosis (lack of antioxidant protectant)
74
Vit B hypovitaminosis
dry sebborhoea with alopecia
75
Skin related mineral deficiency?
zinc. important in pigs and ruminants for DNA/RNA repair
76
zinc skin deficiency gross and histo
symmetrical and bilateral on distal legs and around eyes, ears and tail. erythematous maculae, papules covered in dark thick crust. histo acanthosis and epithelial hyperplasia with parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and prominent basal cell mitotic activity
77
dermatoses related to hormonal imbalances (3)
cushings, hyperoestrogenism, hypothyroidism
78
cushings synonym and gross/histo for skin
non pruritic, calcinosis cutis often. bilateral and symmetrical hypotrichosis and alopecia of trunk. skin thin and less elastic. hyperpigmented and comedones. cutaneous atrophy with orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and follicular keratosis
79
''red white blue'' disease?
superficial necrolytic dermatitis (hepatocutaneous syndrome)... chronic hepatic disease. alternating parakeratotic hyperkeratosis (red), spongiosis and oedema spinous layer (white), and basal layer hyperplasia (blue). Assoc with glucagonoma and liver disease
80
hepatocutaneous syndrome gross/histo
symmetrical and bilateral on lips, periocular skin, pinna and distal extremities. histo erythema, erosion, ulcer and crust
81
general endocrinopathy skin histo
follicular atrophy, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, follicular keratosis with lumen distension. epidermal hyperpigmentation and dermal atrophy.
82
idiopathic skin diseases (2)
eosinophilic diseases and eosinophilic nodular diseases
83
two classes of eosinophilic diseases?
feline and equine
84
feline eosinophilic diseases?
eosinophilic plaques, granulomas and indolent ulcer.
85
eosinophilic plaque (feline)
pruritic lesions of haired skin of inguinal/axillary and lateral thigh areas. diffuse and perivascular eosinophilic dermatitis with epidermal acanthosis and spongiosis
86
eosinophilic granuloma (feline)
raised, pink pruritic nodular lesions on both haired and oral mucosa. diffuse eosinophilic inflm with granulomas centred around degenerated collagen bundles with degenerate degranulating eosinophils (flame figures)
87
indolent ulcer
uni or bilateral ulcerated-plaque lesion on UPPER lip only. non painful and non pruritic
88
2 equine eosinophilic skin diseases
Eosinophilic granuloma and multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease (MEED)
89
nodular eosinophilic diseases of equines? (3)
Collagenolytic granuloma, axillary nodular necrosis, unilateral papular dermatosis. mainly all have coagulative necrosis and eosinophilia
90
3 types of tumour of skin (broad classes)?
epithelial, mesenchymal, round cell
91
non-neoplastic lesion of skin
epidermal cyst (lamellar keratin lined by continuous squamous epithelium).
92
2 main aet assoc with epithelial tumours (skin)
UV and viral
93
2 broad types of epithelial tumour (skin)
papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma
94
papillomatosis types (2)
cutaneous and fibro
95
cutaneous papilloma gross and histo
filiform exophytic and hyperkeratotic epidermal projections with thin dermal stalks. histo solitary benign and exophytic proliferations, mature fibrovascular stalk. Koilocytes present (eccentric pyknotic nuclear and peripheral clear halo due to ballooning degeneration in keratinocytes). sometimes intranuclear inclusions.
96
fibropapillomas and assoc cause
plaque-like lesions with predominent dermal proliferation . aet = feline fibropapilloma and equine sarcoids)
97
idiopathic squamous papilloma (skin)
gross similar to squamous papilloma but no cytopathic effects, higher prev in older animals
98
squamous cell carcinoma in skin
locally invasive and destructive. UV-light involved and also viral papillomatosis. single expansile hyperplastic ulcerated or nodular skin lesions. mainly on head. Invasive islands/cords of neoplastic cells within dermis. Anisocytosis, anisokaryosis and high mitotic index. keratin pearls present. inflm and desmoplasia. neutrophilic pustules due to abnormal keratin formation and necrosis.
99
3 types of cutaneous adnexa tumours
follicular tumours, sebaceous gland tumours, ceruminous gland tumours
100
follicular tumours types
infundibular keratinising acanthoma, tricholemmoma, pilomatricoma, trichoepithelioma, trichoblastoma
101
3 classifications of sebacious gland tumours
adenoma, epithelioma, adenocarcinoma
102
ceruminous gland tumour location, species and gross
ulcerative, nodular, pedunculated masses with yellow cut surface in ear canal of cats mainly.
103
4 types of skin mesenchymal tumour
fibrous tissue, haemangiopericytoma, vascular tissue, muscle tissue
104
fibroma/fibrosarcoma
skin and subcutis of cats and dogs. often reoccur. solitary palpable masses, soft to firm, grey to white. poorly demarcated with central necrosis. Histo bands of fibrous tissue with high mitotic index, fibroblasts interlaced with multinucleated cells.
105
cats fibroma/fibrosarcoma
viral or vaccination related
106
post-vaccinal fibrosarcoma
locally invasive spindle cell sarcoma at injection site. time between injection and development is extremely variable. histo lymphocytic infiltration and multinucleate giant cells at periphery of neoplasia.
107
equine sarcoid
type of fibrous tissue tumour. locally aggressive fibroblastic skin tumour in horses. factors are bovine papilloma virus 1/2, genetic and trauma. does not metastasise but reoccur following surgery.
108
equine sarcoid gross
variable. verrucous to occult. biphasic tumour both epidermal and dermal component although CT is mainly proliferative tissue involved.
109
equine sarcoid histo
resemble fibroma/fibrosarcoma
110
haemangiopericytoma
common in boxer, GSD, springer spaniel. rarely ulcerative. whirling histology
111
epitheliotropic cutaneous lyphoma (mycosis fungoides)
pautrier's microabscesses.
112
non-epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma (NECL)
more aggressive, systemic involvement.
113
lipoma
benign tumour of adipose tissue. encapsulated with fibrous tissue
114
melanoma
common in dark pigmented skin. occur often on face, trunk, gums, palate, lips. common metastasis site is to the mouth.
115
calcinosis cutis
mineralisation of dermal collagen and BM of adnexa. occurs in cushings commonly
116
calcinosis circumscripta
'tumoural calcinosis'... solitary, dermal lesions of young large dogs or horses. localised bony prominences or repeated trauma. chalky white lakes stain with von kossa surrounded by inflm and fibrosis. in chronic lesions osseous or cartilagenous metaplasia can occur.
117
anopthalmia
absence of eye
118
micropthalmia
reduced size of eye
119
cyclopia
central eye instead of two
120
synopthalmia
fusion of two eyes into one
121
dermoid/choristoma
ectodermal skin on cornea
122
coloboma
failure of optic fissure to close
123
retinal dysplasia
imperfect retinal development
124
aphakia
absence of lens
125
Veratum calcifornicum assoc with what eye conditon
cyclopia. Day 14-15 gestation of ewe.
126
blepharitis is...
inflm of eyelid
127
tarsal inflammation 2 types
internal hordeolum (purulent) or chalazion (granulomatous)
128
lacrimal gland inflammation
dacryoadenitis
129
inflm of zeis/moll glands
external hordeolum (purulent)
130
Bacterial/Viral causes of conjunctivitis
IBR/FHV/Chlamydiophyla psitacci/Mycoplasma felis
131
IBR/FHV eye gross
serous to purulent with possible fibrin conjunctivitis
132
Mycoplasma eye gross and histo
pseudo-dyphteric fibrin. histo erosions and presence of coccoid bacteria
133
Chlamidyophila eye gross and histo
unilateral usually. Np, M* Lymphocytes and inclusion bodies
134
FHV/IBR eye condition often assoc w/
keratitis and upper resp disease
135
3 examples of non-infectious conjuncitivitis
dissication, allergy, idiopathic
136
eosinophilic conjunctivitis gross and histo
ulcerative marginal blepharitis. histo hyperplasia/squamous metaplasia of epithelium/eosinophils and lymphocytes
137
Parasitic conjunctivitis
larval Draschia megastoma, Habronema microstoma via Musca fly vector. in horses. medial canthus, ulcerative, oozing, viable larvae. Histo granulomatous inflm with eosinophils and larvae.
138
keratitis definition
inflm of cornea
139
non-infectious keratitis causes
trauma, sunlight, tear film lack
140
how can trauma cause keratitis
trauma -> stromal imbibition -> ulcer -> secondary bacs (streps) -> neovascularization -> restitutio ad integrum
141
pannus keratitis histo
lymphocytes, plasma cells, M*, granulation tissue and epithelium is intact.
142
cheratitis sicca
hyperplasia of corneal epithelium, squamous metaplsia of conjunctiva.
143
descemeocele
hernation of descemets membrane
144
anterior staphyloma
protrusion of uvea through ulcer
145
Infectious keratitis causes
FHV1, Moraxella bovis, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium
146
Mycotic keratitis common if on what treatment
long term AB/corticosteroids
147
FHV1/Moraxella bovis gross
ulcerative keratitis
148
mycotic keratitis gross
deep ulcerative with purulent exudate, keratomalacia
149
FHV1 keratitis histo
eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions
150
mycotic keratitis histo
fungal hyphae within corneal stroma, neurophils
151
moraxella bovis keratitis histo
stromal oedema and neovascularisation
152
2 diseases of the lens?
cataracts and lens luxation
153
how is a cataract formed?
imbalance between nutrition of lens and enzymatic activity, loses hydration, denatures lens fibrous proteins
154
histo of a cataract?
Morganian globules and 'bladder cells'
155
lens luxation aetiology
tumour compression or increase in pressure
156
how does lens luxation associate with glaucoma?
can cause or be caused by glaucoma
157
uveitis infectious agents?
FIP, CAV1, MCF. Cryptococcus spp, parasitic larva migrans of Toxocara canis.
158
what is phacoclastic uveitis?
lens rupture and release of lens proteins causes inflm reaction
159
FIP/CAV1/MCF path of eye
haematogenous spread of agent and autoimmunity
160
Cryptococcus uveitis histo
yeasts present, soap bubble appearance of choroid/retina. pyogranulomatous reaction.
161
FIP uveitis histo
pyogranulomatous and vasculitis
162
Lens rupture histo
lymphocytes, plasma cells and fragments of lens
163
Equine recurrent uveitis
immune mediated reaction to Leptospira interrogans var Pomona - overproduction of Ab causes inflammation. grossly thickening of iris, with pigmentation and change in shape.
164
histo of equine recurrent uveitis
neutrophils (acute) followed by lymphocytes with lymph follicle formation in ciliary body. hallmark is formation of hyalinised membrane in the inner ciliary body (amyloid).
165
Retinal dysplasia is common in what breeds
samoyed, collie, labrador
166
Agent that can cause retinitis
toxoplasma
167
glaucoma, Vit A/C/E/taurine deficiency and bracken fern toxin can all cause what eye condition?
retininal degeneration/atrophy
168
gonodiodyegenesis
imperforate pectinate ligament in eye or trabecular hypoplasia (loss of trabecular network)
169
uveitis and posterior sinechia can cause what condition?
secondary causes of glaucoma
170
bupthalmia is..
enlargement of the globe
171
2 epithelial tumours of the eye
meibomian gland tumour, conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma
172
intraocular melanomas can develop from...
iris, ciliary body, choroid
173
cats get what type of eye melanoma?
diffuse iris melanoma
174
adenoma or adenocarcinoma in eye arise from...
non-pigmented epithelium
175
feline tumour with complete bulb destruction and never metastases
feline primary intraocular sarcoma
176
retrobulbar tumours examples
adenoma, fibrosarcoma, neural tumours, lymphoma
177
what are the 4 conducting systems of ventricles in teh CNS?
lateral, third, aqueduct, fourth, lateral apertures and spinal canal
178
cells originating from neuroectodermal origin? (4)
neurones, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymocytes
179
cells originating from mesenchymal origin in CNS (3)
microglia, BV, cells of meninges
180
Nissl substance...
RER of neurones,
181
astrocyte role
BBB integrity. Uptake NTs recycling. Maintain pH and osmotic pressure.
182
oligodendrocytes role
small cells picnotic nucleus. Interfascicular and satellite type. produce myelin within CNS. halo on histo (lipid).
183
microglia
M* like cells. ameboid shape after activation (rod cells).
184
3 layers of meninges?
dura mater (collagen rich), arachnoid (fine trabecules with vessels), pia mater (thin contact layer).
185
spheroids
cross section of enlarged axons present in acute to subacute degeneration
186
neuropil
dense unmyelinated sheaths of many axons
187
why are neurones susceptible to damage?
highly metabolic, large span, cannot proliferate, metabolic limitations
188
excitotoxicity and hypoxia of neurones causes
red hypoxic neurones
189
oxidative stress and lack of antioxidants in neurones cases
chromatolytic neurones
190
other effects of damage to neurones histologically?
apoptosis, intracytoplasmic accumulations, vacuolation, intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions
191
astrocyte response to damage
astrogliosis (+ in number) and astrocytosis (+ in size). cell swelling and cell hypertrophy (become gemistocytes, reactive astrocytes). alzheimer type 2 astrocytes, scar tissue formation...
192
oligodendrocyte damage response
impaired myelin formation and myelin destruction phagocytosis.
193
leukodistrophy
primary or congenital oligodendrocyte dysfunction causing abnormal myelin formation
194
microglia damage response
neuronophagic nodules, gitter cell formation, rod cell proliferation.
195
4 reasons for oedema in CNS
1) cytotoxic type (intracellular accumulation of fluid). 2) vasogenic type (vascular barrier injury). 3) hydrostatic type (elevated ventricular pressure). 4) hypo-osmotic type (imbalance of osmotic pressures).
196
main signs of a vascular CNS lesion
focal/MF, malacic/haemorrhagic, acute development of lesions
197
why is CNS susceptible to vascular damage
high metabolic rate, cannot store glycogen, occurs below 60% normal blood flow.
198
penumbra
area of local reduced blood flow round a central core of ischaemia in CNS.
199
consequences of ischaemic brain infarcts
pale centre with red neurones, spheroids and penumber of hyperaemia and astrocytosis. chronically would see liquefactive necrosis in centre with astrogliosis, penumbra of glial scar formation.
200
inflammatory routes to brain infection
deposition of immunecomplexes (FIP), direct infection of endothelial cells (CSF), trojan horse (viruses), retrograde axonal transport (Listeria, Rabies, Herpes virus).
201
CNS inflammatory hallmarks
focal (abscessation) mf or disseminate. malacic, haemorrhagic, firm (granulomatous). No clinical or diagnosit hallmark!!
202
encephalitis
brain/encephalon inflammation
203
myelitis
spinal cord inflammation
204
polioencephalitis
grey matter inflammation
205
polioencephalomyelitis
grey matter and spinal cord inflammation
206
leucoencephalitis
white matter inflammation
207
leucoencephalomyelitis
white matter and spine inflammation
208
meningoencephalitis
leptomeninges and brain inflammation
209
pachimeningitis
dura mater inflammation
210
choroiditis
choroid plexus inflammation
211
perivascular cuff
presentation of inflammation in Virkow-Robin Space due to inflammation
212
viral CNS inflm pattern
non-suppurative with neuronophagic nodules
213
viral CNS inflm distribution
selectively targeting neurons or specific sub-populations
214
Rabies virus CNS inflm
mild, non-suppurative polioencephalomyelitis. eosinophilic round intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Negri bodies)
215
Pseudorabies (Aujesky disease) and clinical signs
DNA, Suid Herpes Virus 1. Non-supp meningo-polioencephalomyelitis with glial nodules and neuronal necrosis with neuronophagia. Pruritus and head mutilation
216
Swine polioencephalomyelitis (Teschen disease)
Picornaviridae enterovirus. Non-supp polioencephalitis with neuronal necrosis, glial nodules and neuronophagia. tropism for lower motor neurones in spinal cord. mainly piglets <10w
217
Canine Distemper CNS
Morbillivirus, Paramyxoviridae. De-myelinating leukoencephalomyelitis. Acute gliosis and macrophages and if chronic then non-supp inflm with cavitation.
218
Non-supp polioencephalitis with inclusion bodies present in which post-vaccine disease?
distemper
219
Borna disease CNS
borna virus. Non-supp polioencephalomyelitis with neuronal degeneration and neuronphagia. Patomniomonic inclusion bodies but rarely seen. affect hippocampus (horse) and brainstem (cat).
220
West Nile Encephalitis
Flaviviridae (Arbovirus group). Non-supp polioencephalomyelitis. grey matter of thoraco-lumbar spinal cord and brainstem
221
Visna
maedi-visna virus (lentivirus, retroviridae). granulomatous leucoencephalomyelitis. Chronic lymphoplasmacytic infiltration that gives granulomatous appaearance. cavitation and malacia with choroiditis and meningitis.
222
FIP CNS condition
feline coronavirus. Ag-AB complexes in vessel walls, immune mediated aggression, diffuse pyogranulomatous meningo-chorio-subependemitis. can cause pyogranulomatous eye lesions too.
223
Louping ill
flavivirus from ticks. non-supp polioencephalitis with neuronal necrosis, glial nodules and neuronophagia. tropism for purkinje cells, gliosis and leptomeningitis.
224
4 viral vasculitis CNS causes
Classical Swine Fever, Rubarth's Disease (CAV1), Malignant Catarrhal Fever, Herpetic encephalomyelitis
225
classical swine fever CNS
pestivirus, disseminated non-supp meningoencephalitis
226
hepatitis contagiosa canis (Rubarth's disease)
rubarth's disease. canine adenovirus 1. amphophilic inclusion bodies in endothelium with mixed vasculitis and haemorrhages
227
malignant catarrhal fever CNS
ovine herpes virus 2 + alcephaline herpes virus 1. Mononuclear necrotising vasculitis.
228
Herpetic encephalomyelitis
equine herpes virus 1. petechial or ecchymotic haemorrhages in white and grey matter or spine. vasculitis, with thrombosis, suppurative myelitis and haemorrhages.
229
general CNS bacterial infection findings
suppuration, tissue lysis and gliotic reaction. disseminated or focal/multifocal. with pyrexia and other organ invasion.
230
thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME/Sleeper syndrome).
Histophilus somni. Young cattle post-pneumonia commonly. Fibrinopurulent meningitis, multifocal haemorrhagic and necrotising encephalitis.
231
Listeria monocytogenes CNS condition
haematogenous spread, can be from otitis media. retrograde axonal flow. MF-C microabscesses. oral cavity, cranial nerves and brainstem transmission. small leukomalcic areas.
232
mycotic encephalitis examples
Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp, Absidia spp.
233
mycotic encephalitis (yeasts)
Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida, Coccidiodes immitis, Blastomyces dermatididis. Necrotising nad suppurative granulomatous meningoencephalitis or myelitis. also necrotic vasculitis and thrombosis.
234
3 protozoal cns infectious agents
Neospora, Toxoplasma, Encephalitozoonosis
235
Encephalitozoonosis CNS
E. cuniculi (Microsporidia). Rabbits, rodents and dogs. Disseminated granulomatous encephalitis. compact epitheliod macrophages. Mf to massive dissemination throughout encephalon
236
Toxoplasmosis/Neospora CNS
T. gondii. Coupled with myocarditis/myositis. non-supp polioencephalitis with glisois. in adult causes necrotizing an granulomatous encephalitis
237
Granulomatous meningo-encephalitis (GME)
usually female young dogs. anti-GFAP antibodies? mf-to-c granulomatous meningoencephalitis. perivascular cuffs frequent.
238
CNS Trauma injury examples
Hansen 1 (extrusion of disc material) and Hansen 2 (protrusion without rupture of AF).
239
2 neural tube closure defects
cranium bifidum and spina bifida
240
holoprosencephaly
lack of cerebral hemisphere development, agenesis of corpus callosum
241
agyria, pachygyria and polymicrogyria are a result of
neuronal migration disorders and sulcation defects.
242
cerebellar agenesis and hypoplasia result from
malformation of caudal fossa
243
diff btw SB Occulta and SB aperta
occulta is covered by skin, aperta is open
244
meningocele v meningomyelocele
fluid filled hernial sac v fluid filled hernial sac containing some neuroparenchyma
245
hydrocephalus is an increase in
CSF volume.
246
syringomelia
fluid filled cavity within spinal cord following rupture of ependymal covering
247
syringobulbia
fluid filled cavity within brainstem following rupture of ependymal covering
248
hydromelia
fluid filed cavity within spinal cord, lined by ependyma
249
metabolic/toxic general path features CNS
symmetrical, malacia, specific cell necrosis, spongy state. progressively worsening condition affecting any age and sex.
250
Polioencephalomalacia (CCN corticocerebral necrosis)
of cortical structures or deep nuclei. thiamin deficiency related in carnivores and sulfur intoxication. Acute = oedema, red hypoxic neurones, swollen brain. chronic = cavitation, gitter cell proliferation, glial scar formation.
251
aspartate excitotoxicity commonly related with what CSN condition?
CCN. due to hypoglycaemia
252
leukoencephalomalacia
equine LEM, swayback
253
encephalomalacia
focal symmetrical encephalomalacia, oedema disease
254
Carnivore thiamin deficiency CNS...
often food with thiaminases or chronic deficiencies
255
chastek's paralysis
foxes and minks, form of neuronal and axon/myelin degeneration due to thiamin deficiency
256
Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia
Cl. type D in ruminants. Microvascular damage and neuronal excitotoxicity. Chronically severs symmetrical encephalomalacia. Also caused by STEC in swine.
257
Equine leukoencephalomalacia (mouldy corn disease)
Ingestion of Fusarium moniliformis. Yellow-brown haemorrhagic malacic foci that progress to fluid-filled cavities (corona radiata). Toxin fumonisin B1 -> vascular necrosis and microthrombi -> leukomalacia -> vasogenic oedema, gitter cells and mild inflammation.
258
Swayback
congenital copper deficiency in lambs. Present from birth. Blind/ataxic, immobile and leads to death. Ventricular distension with bilateral rarefaction of periventricular grey matter.
259
Enzootic ataxia
post-natal dietary deficiency of copper. Bilateral symmetrical demyelination and axonal damage of spinal funiculi and motor neuron chromatolysis.
260
Hepatic encephalopatbhy
moderate/chronic or severe/acute. provoke a toxic encephalopathy. Astrocytes overwhelmed by +NH3, metabolised glutamine, cytotoxic oedema. severe spongy state of white matter. also assoc with CKD.
261
6 primary tumours of CNS
astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, choroid plexus papilloma/carcinoma, ependymoma
262
astrocytoma
common in brachycephalics, supratentorially, white, undemarcated. Can be malignant, see neoangiogensis and necrosis.
263
Oligodendroglioma
brachycephalic breeds common. induce angiogenesis and intratumoral haemorrhages. Well circumscribed, gelatinous. areas of necrosis, cystic appearance and honeycomb appearance on histo
264
meningioma
lobulated, granular, white to tan. Can contain mineralised centres (Psammoma bodies).
265
Choroid plexus papilloma/carcinoma
mainly in 4th ventricle. large, granular with rough texture. carcinomas induce haemorrhage in ventricle wall.
266
ependymoma
arise from ependyma lining the ventricles, assoc with obstructive hydrocephalus. large well demarcated tan solid mass. on histo can get pseudorosettes.
267
degeneration CNS characteristics
symmetrical, bilateral, with microanatomical focus. usually start at young age and become slowly progressive.
268
histo degeneration of CNS
depletion of neuron subpopulations, intracellular accumulation of material, white matter degenerations
269
5 degenerative CNS diseases
motor neuron disease, cerebellar cortical abiotrophy, degeneration of myelin (CNS+PNS), storage diseases, prion diseases
270
motor neuron disease CNS
neurons die from oxidative stress (Free radical damage). Neuronal chromatolysis, neuronal depletion and gliosis.
271
cerebellar cortical abiotrophy
familial. loss of purkinje cells first, slow progressive onset of worsening cerebellar signs. finally atrophy of cerebellar folia, transneuronal retrograde degeneration of functionally connected cells (granular cells e.g.)
272
Degeneration of myelin (2)
leukodystrophies and myelin dysgenesis
273
myelin dysgenesis (hypomyelinogenesis)
shaking puppy syndrome (X-linked defect of PLP protein) causing abnormal myelin and grossly diffuse grey translucent white matter.
274
storage diseases CNS
enzymatic defects causing intracytoplasmic storage of non-degradable catabolites > neuron degeneration. classified on nature of compound accumulation.
275
neuronal ceroid-lipofucsinoses... .
accumulation in neurons with lipofucsin followed by degeneration. Can be mitochondrially linked instead of lysosome defect.
276
prion diseases (6) and their histo appearance
Kuru, vCJD, Scrapia, BSE, CWD, TME. Neuronal vacuolation, neuropil vacuolation, astrogliosis and NO inflammatory signs.
277
terms for inflm of spinal ganglia, spinal ganglia and related nerves, nerves only
ganglionitis, ganglineuritis, neuritis
278
Wallerian degeneration (PNS), histo
axonal segmental degeneration caudally to site of insult. Many spheroids, necrosis, schwann cell proliferation. not the consequence of ischaemia/trauma, caused by lack of conduction.
279
Vascular PNS disease
ilio-aortic thromboembolism (saddle thrombus). sudden paraperesis or paraplegia with painful hard muscle lacking femoral pulse.
280
acute polyneuritis/polyradiculoneuritis
autoimmune inflm of PNS, including ganglia. E.g. coon hound paralysis (Raccoon bites in USA). Non-supp inflm of proximal motor nerves. Transient ascending paresis/paralysis.
281
cauda equina neuritis
pyogranulomatous inflm of cauda equina of horse. chronic and progressive with paralysis of sphincter and tail.
282
neuropraxia
structurally intact nerve, temporary impairment, but do fully recover
283
axonotmesis
axon damaged, basal lamina intact, can regenerate over long time depending on distance from organ.
284
neurotmesis
entire nerve truncated, no regeneration possible
285
caudal compression of cauda equina
assoc w/ stenosis of lumbosacral spinal canal, chronic axonal degeneration.
286
dysautonomia (2 types) PNS
Equine dysautonomia (Equine) and Feline dysautonomia (Key-Gaskell syndrome).
287
equine dysautonomia PNS and histo
grass sickness. can be chronic or acute. grazing animals only. Cl. botulinum type C. Histo see shortened intestinal villi, inflm and accum of mucus.
288
3 forms of grass sickness histologically
acute (plexuses marked chromatolysis), subacute (plexuses reduced number of neurones but proliferation of non-neuronal elements), chronic (plexuses reduced severely in neurons and overcome with non-neuronal cell proliferation).
289
Key-Gaskell syndrome
feline dysautonomia. sporadic worldwide. Possible Cl. botulinum type C involved.
290
Metabolic neuropathy (4) PNS
Salinomycin poisoning, canine hypothyroidism, diabetic polyneuropathy, paraneoplastic neuropathy
291
salinomycin poisoning PNS
primary axonal degeneration of both sensory and motor nerves
292
canine hypothyroidism PNS
partially inconsistent reports of degeneration and demyelination
293
diabetic polyneuropathy PNS
rare in dogs. plantigrade posture of hindlimbs.
294
paraneoplastic neuropathy PNS
autoimmune inflm response, degeneration and regeneration.
295
difference between lamellar and woven bone
woven is immature, lamellar is mature. lamellar can be compact or spongy.
296
embryologically bone is dervied from
mesoderm, either cartilage or connective tissue
297
two types of ossification
endochondral or intramembraneous
298
zones in the endochondral growth plate
resting zone, proliferating zone, maturation zone, calcification zone, woven bone formation, capillary invasion...
299
osteoprogenitor cells can produce which cell types
osteoblasts or osteoclasts.
300
which cells are precursors to osteoblasts
peritrabecular stromal cells
301
osteoid is made up of what and what is its fate?
90% collagen (type1) plus chondroitin and osteocalcin). after 10d, undergoes primary mineralisation, then after few months secondary mineralisation. at the beginning it is unmineralized matrix. creates the osteoid seam.
302
type 1 and type 2 collagen are found mostly where
bone type 1, cartilage type 2.
303
what is howships lacunae
where osteoclasts erode the bone (proteolytic enzymes and low pH).
304
3 actions of peritrabecular stromal cells
produce EPO, progenitor cells, react to PTH, act as strain gauge and activate remodelling
305
RANK-L and OPG regulate which cells?
RANK-L ++ osteoclats, OPG -- osteoclasts
306
which cells are inhibited by calcitonin and promoted by IL1 + TNFa
osteoclasts
307
osteoblast activation occurs by? inhibition?
osteoclasts producing matrix bound ground substance. inhibited by PTH.
308
what signs are assocaitd histo with bone injury?
resting and reversal lines
309
sirenomelia
lack of hind limbs
310
peromelia
lack of distal part of limbs
311
scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis
lateral divert, ventral divert, dorsal divert
312
chondrodysplasia is a defect in which process? mainly assoc with what cause?
endochdonral ossification. genetic.
313
3 examples of BOVINE chondrodysplasias
bulldog calf, telemark lethal, snorter
314
bulldog calf
dexter/holstein. born dead w/ small limbs, short jaw and domed head. on histo lack growth plates, disorganised chondrocytes
315
telemark lethal
telemark breed. chondrodysplasia. born alive but die soon.
316
snorter
hereford/angus genetic chondrodyplasia. not lethal. short legs and broad head. irregular columns of hypertrophied chondrocytes on histo.
317
ovine chondrodysplasia
arachnomyelia. fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 defect. semi-lethal. Suffolk and hampshire breeds. small ossification centres in nodules on histo. hypertrophic cartilage. assoc with fracture.
318
osteogenesis imperfecta
defect in collagen type 1 gene. brittle bones. calcified cartilage spicules in primary spongiosa. pink teeth, joint laxity blue sclera.
319
osteopetrosis/marble bone disease
in angus, hereford, simmental. osteoclastic resoprtion/remodelling of primary spongiosa. long bones are short and fragile. no marrow cavity, avascular metaphysis and medulla occupied by cartilage matrix. assoc anaemia.
320
congenital hyperostosis
pigs, stimulation of extracortical bone production. stillborn or dies after birth, radius and ulna commonly. woven bone.
321
craniomandiublar osteopathy/lion jaw
dogs, WHWT commonly. bilateral bone ankylosis and tympanic bullae filled with new bone. histo see bone formation and resorption (resting and reversal).
322
hypertrophic osteopathy/marie's disease
linked to neoplastic or thoracic inflm masses. changes in forelimb circulation causes increases periosteal bone production. hyperaemia and oedema on histo with fibrovascular periosteal proliferation.
323
bone pigmentations
icterus, porphyria, melanosis, tetracycline
324
Osteonecrosis
lack of bone blood supply, necrosis of osteoclasts, inflm reaction against dying bone. dry periosteum with tan bone. in histo see empty lacuna with pyknotic nuclei.
325
Claviceps purpurea can cause what bone condition
osteonecrosis
326
Legg-Calve Perthes Disease
genetic autosomal recessive. ischaemic episodes, delayed incorporation of vessels in femoral head. weight bearing leads to infarcts and necrosis. fracture, collapse of necrotic bone and femoral head.
327
osteoporosis common causes. what is the pathogenesis?
old age, calcium deficiency, starvation, GI parasitism, inflm bowel disease, corticosteroids, disuse of bone. Happens because increase osteoclastic activity but can occur through various mechanisms.
328
4 mechanisms of osteoporosis
starvation, parasitism (reduced calcium absorption), corticosteroids (collagen synthesis inhibition), disuse (reduced weight bearing, increase OC activity).
329
gross appearance of osteoporosis and histo
reduced bone quantity, quality of bone is normal. on histo see smaller trabeculae with normal calcification
330
Rickets and osteomalacia cause and pathogenesis and histo
hypovitaminosis D and hypophosphataemia. defective mineralisation at sites of bone growth or remodelling. newly formed osteoid is poor quality. on histo see tongues of cartilage extending into the metaphysis. common in chickens
331
fibrous osteodystrophy causes (4) and pathogenesis
primary PTH secreting tumour, secondary renal hyperparathyroidism, low ca/high P diet, PTH-like secreting tumour. huge increase in PTH causes stromal cells to mass produce collagen, which cant be absorbed by OCs.
332
fibrous osteodystrophy gross and histo
bone enlarged, fractures, floppy texture. on histo see bone resorption (OC activty) with fibrous proliferation.
333
process of fracture to repair
haemorrhage, haematoma, proliferation of collagen, ossification or chondrification (if O2 low), remodelling or endochondral ossification.
334
terms for inflm of outside of bone, of bone, of bone and marrow, of all structures of the bone
periosteitis, osteitis, osteomyelitis, panosteitis.
335
common causes of bacterial osteomyelitis in all species. where and why do they infect?
Actinomycosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, yersiniosis, salmonellosis. capillary loops due to fenestrated endothelium, lack of phagocytes and blood flow turbulence.
336
bacterial osteomyelitis foal
e. coli, strept, salmonella, rhodococcus, klebsiella.
337
bacterial osteomyelitis calf
actinobacterium pyogenes, salmonella.
338
bacterial osteomyelitis dog/cat
secondary to penetration injury... staph intermedius, streps, proteus, e.coli
339
coccidiodes immitis (dog) causes...
mycotic osteomyelitis
340
viral osteomyelitis
distemper virus
341
bovine mandibular osteomyelitis
actinomyces bovis. pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis. purulent exudates and splendore-hoepplie figures.
342
metaphyseal osteopathy (hypertriohic osteodystrophy)
large young dogs. bilateral and symmetrical periosteal proliferation in radius and ulna. on histo see suppuration in cartilage tongues at physis.
343
canine panosteitis (juvenile osteomyelitis)
giant young dog. possible distemper link. only see Xray changes - radiodensity in medulla near nutritional foramen. on histo no inflm but some inflm cells, fibrovascular tissue and woven bone in bone marrow.
344
chondrosarcoma
nodular, expansile usually in ribs. infiltrative but not metastasising. on histo well differentiated chondrocytes with abundant matrix. disorganised in physis.
345
osteosarcoma
destructive and proliferative. often in weight bearing bones. poorly differentiated osteoblasts with high mitotic activity on histo.
346
4 types of joint
syndemosis, symphyses, diarthrosis, synsarcosis
347
types of cell in synovial membrane
macrophage like and fibroblast like
348
aggrecans has a role in
joint pressure maintenance
349
what is a chondrone and ebumation. what occurs before eburnation?
group of chondrocytes which form in response to injury, eburnation is loss of synovial surface so bone is exposed. fibrillation occurs first.
350
DJD proper names are
osteoarthritis or arthrosis
351
gross and histo of DJD
rough, yellow fibrillation, ulceration and eburnation. can get osteophytes and joint mice. histo villous hypertrophy, inflm cells and necrotic cartilage.
352
Osteochondrosis aetiology and common species
rapid growth, over nutrition, mineral imbalances, trauma, genetics. young pigs, male dogs elbow dysplasia, horses.
353
osteochondrosis pathogenesis, gross and histo
ischaemic damage to growing cartilage, necrosis, cyst and detachment. white foci lesions leading to cartilage ulceration. histo see cartilage cores, cysts, hypertrophic cartilage.
354
GSD lack of conformity btw femoral head and acetabulum...
hip dysplasia
355
congenital patellar luxation
common in toy breeds and horses. hypoplasia of femoral trochlea.
356
Intervertebral disc disease
age related or congenital. degeneration of nucleus pulposus, rupture of annulus fibrosus, herniation of nucleus pulposus. ventral or dorsal herniation. dorsal has 2 types (Hansen 1/2). chondroid metaplasia/mineralisation of the herniation.
357
spondylosis
seconary degeneration of ventral annulus fibrosus. formation of osteophytes at ventral/lateral margins of vertebral bodies.
358
wobblers syndrome proper name
cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy
359
wobblers syndroms aet
malformation of vertebrae causing pressure on spinal cord. various grades.
360
bacterial arthritis agents
streps, staphs, e.coli, erysipelas, haemophilus parasuis, actinobacillus equuli
361
bacterial arthritis path, gross and histo
either penetrating wound or septicaemic spread. various exudative forms, mainly purulent. villous hyperplasia and inflm cell infiltration
362
erysipelas bacterial arthritis
serofibrinous exudate
363
mycoplasma species causing arthritis in pig, goat, sheep, cow
M. hyorhinis (pig), M. mycoides (goat and cow), M. capricolum (sheep)
364
mycoplasma arthritis gross, histo
serofibrinous arthritis with villous hypertrophy. Non-degenerate neutrophils and mononuclear infiltration
365
viral arthritis agents (2) and histo
caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) or sheep maedi visna virus. non-supp inflm.
366
rheumatoid arthritis gros and histo
complement cascade attacking self synovium. polyarthritis. oedema, pannus. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of villi.
367
synovial sarcoma
large breed dog. often stifle/elbow. indistinct border, infiltrates along planes. polygonal to spindeloid cells, oval nuclei can have cleft or cavities with proteinaceous/mucoid material.
368
histiocytic sarcoma
tumour of dendritic (langerhan) cells near synovial membrane. nodular swelling on joint.
369
explain colours of type1/2 muscle types
white = lots of mitochondria, fatigue resistant, oxidative. red = relies on glycolysis.
370
myotube forms when
damage to muscle, segmental necrosis.
371
histo of muscle atrophy
reduced myocyte size, infiltration with fibrour or fat tissue.
372
congenital musclar hypertrophy
belgian blue cattle and callipyge sheep. myostatin gene defect.
373
splayleg
myofibrillar defect in pigs. reduced myofibre diameter with decreased myofibrils and cytoplasmic glycogen
374
muscular dystrophy/X linked muscular dystrophy
congenital defect in gene coding for dystrophin (sarcolemmal protein). get muscular atrophy and pale muscles streaks in dogs. in cats get muscular hypertrophy over neck and shoulders and oes/diaphragm.
375
malignant hyperthermia
pigs defect in ryanodine receptor, over excitation of contraction, over release of calcium, excessive contraction and heat production. PSE meat and rapid rigor.
376
myaesthenia gravis histo
can only be seen on electron microscopy. associated with thymoma and is caused by autoantibodies against AcCh receptors
377
nutritional myopathy aka white muscle disease
Vit E/Selenium deficiency. lack of anti-oxidant acitivty, rhabdomyolysis. bilateral symmetrical white streaks in muscle. histo see multifocal degeneration of contractile elements and adipose tissue necrosis (yellow fat disease in horses).
378
exertional myopathy/equine exertional rhabdomyolysis/monday morning disease
exercise without training. insufficient ATP production causes excess glyolysis, lactic acid production, rhabdomyolysis, kidney damage. mainly in gluteals, femoral and lumbar muscles
379
bacterial myositis types (2)
suppurative and chronic pyogranulomatous fibrosing nodular myositis
380
suppurative myositis
streptococcus zooepidemicus (horse), arcanobacterium pyogenes (cattle/sheep), corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (CLA), pasteurella multocida (cats). often purulent exudates and abscesses in muscle
381
chronic pyogranulomatous fibrosing nodular myositis
actinobacillus ligneresii (wooden tongue in cattle) or staphylococcus auerus (botryomycosis in pig and horse). fibrosing, granulomatous inflm in muscle. central radiating clubs of amorphous eosinophilic material.
382
malignant oedema
clostridium septicum/perfringens/novyi. penetrate muscle through skin wound, produce toxins creating tissue damage. gas bubbly appearance.
383
blackleg
clostridum chauvoei. latent spore activation in muscles, colonised by previous ingesta, reactivation by stressors. muscle dark red, oedematous dry centre and porous pattern.
384
parasitic myositis
N. caninum, T. gondii, T. spiralis, Sarcocystic spp, Cysticercus spp
385
eosinophilic myositis
sarcocystis spp. cattle/sheep. reaction against the cyst. demarcated green focal stripes. on histo see eosinophil dominated inflm and granulomas.
386
immune-mediated myositis
autoimmune antibodies produced against myosin type 2 (only in masticatory muscles). atrophy of masticatory muscles, see eosinophilic myositis. chronically see fibrosis mutlifocal lymphocytes.
387
neoplasia of muscles (2)
rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma
388
strap cells and sarcomeric differentation are common in
muscle tumours. elongated mutlinucleate cells and 'racket cells' are ovoid shaped.
