Pathoma

Question 1

Cause of Cleft lip and palate?

Answer 1

Failure of facial prominences to fuse

Question 2

Painful, superficial ulceration of oral mucosa in a time of stress

Gray base with surrounding erythema

Answer 2

Aphthous ulcer

Question 3

Behcet syndrome

Answer 3

Recurrent aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, uveitis

Question 4

Cause of Behcet Syndrome

Answer 4

Immune complex vasculitis of small vessels

Question 5

Where does HSV-1 lie dormant in oral herpes?

Answer 5

Ganglia of trigeminal nerve

Question 6

Most common location for squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 6

Floor of mouth

Question 7

Major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 7

Tobacco and alcohol

Question 8

What lesions are precursor lesions to squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 8

Leukoplakia and erythroplakia

Question 9

What is the difference between leukoplakia and erythroplakia?

Answer 9

Leukoplakia is a white plaque, cannot be scraped away

Erythroplakia is a red plaque that represents vascularized leukoplakia (angiogenesis taking place) and is highly suggestive of squamous cell dysplasia

Question 10

How do you differentiate Leukoplakia from Oral candidiasis from Hairy Leukoplakia

Answer 10

Leukoplakia cannot be scraped off.

Oral candidiasis is easily scraped away, immunocompromised

Hairy leukoplakia arises on lateral tongue–due to EBV induced hyperplasia in immunocompromised

Question 11

3 major salivary glands

Answer 11

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

Question 12

Bilateral inflamed parotid glands in a kid makes you think…

Answer 12

Mumps

Question 13

What other things may be present with Mumps?

Answer 13

Orchitis (if >10 yrs old–testicular infection)
Pancreatitis
Meningitis

Question 14

Benign tumor composed of stromal (cartilage) and epithelial tissue

Answer 14

Pleomorphic adenoma

Question 15

Where do pleomorphic adenomas usually arise?

Answer 15

Parotid gland

Question 16

why is there a high rate of reoccurence of pleomorphic adenoma?

Answer 16

surgeons often don’t resect it fully!

Question 17

If a pleomorphic adenoma transforms into a carcinoma, how will it present?

Answer 17

Facial nerve damage!

Question 18

Benign cystic tumor with lots of lymphocytes and germinal centers

Answer 18

Warthin tumor

Question 19

Mucoepidermoid tumor

Answer 19

malignant tumor composed of mucinous and squamous cells

Question 20

Most common malignant tumor of salivary gland

Answer 20

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Question 21

Most common variant of TE fistula?

Answer 21

Proximal esophageal atresia with distal TE fistula

Question 22

Dysphagia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Esophageal Web

Triad for what?

Answer 22

Plummer Vinson Syndrome

Question 23

What is an esophageal web? Where is it most likely to occur?

Answer 23

thin protrusion of esophageal mucosa (ONLY!)

Most often occurs in upper esophagus

Question 24

What is Zenker Diverticulum?

Answer 24

FALSE diverticulum

Outpouching of pharyngeal mucosa through acquired defect in the muscular wall

Question 25

Where does a Zenker Diverticulum usually occur?

Answer 25

Above the UES at the junction of the esophagus and pharynx

Question 26

What is halitosis?

Answer 26

Bad breath!

Question 27

Why is Mallory-weiss syndrome common in alcoholic and bulimics?

Answer 27

Caused by severe vomitting- longitudinal laceration of mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction PAINFUL hematemesis

Question 28

Mallory-weiss increases your risk of what?

Answer 28

Boerhaave syndrome- rupture of esophagus leading to air in the mediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema

Question 29

What usually causes esophageal varices?

Answer 29

Secondary to portal hypertension!

Question 30

Most common cause of death in liver cirrhosis?

Answer 30

Rupture of esophageal varices

Question 31

What is achalasia?

Answer 31

1. Inability to relax lower sphincter | 2. Disordered esophageal motility

Question 32

What is the mechanism of achalasia?

Answer 32

Due to damaged ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus plexus located between inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of muscularis propria idiopathic or Chagas Disease

Question 33

What organism causes Chagas disease? Chagas disease can cause what?

Answer 33

Trypanosoma Cruzi Can cause achalasia

Question 34

What is associated with "bird beak" on barium swallow and high LES pressure on manometry?

Answer 34

Achalasia

Question 35

Progressive dysphasia of solids AND liquids indicates what?

Answer 35

Achalasia (or scleroderma)

Question 36

What is barrett esophagus?

Answer 36

Metaplasia of the lower esophageal mucosa from stratified squamous epitherlium into NON-CILATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM w/ GOBLET CELLS!!!! *is a response of lower esophageal stem cells to acidic stress

Question 37

Barrett esophagus increases your chances of what?

Answer 37

Adenocarcinoma

Question 38

Adenocarcinoma involves which part of the esophagus?

Answer 38

Lower 1/3

Question 39

Squamous cell carcinoma is associated with what? Found where?

Answer 39

Smoking Alcohol Hot Tea Found in the upper or middle third of the esophagus

Question 40

Two types of esophageal carcinoma?

Answer 40

Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma