pathophis exam 2

Question 1

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of a benign tumor?

cells appear relatively normal and differentiated

cells divide at a much faster rate than normal cells

cells invade surrounding tissues

usually life-threatening

All of these are correct.

Answer 1

Cells appear relatively normal and differentiated

Question 2

Severe weight loss with breakdown of muscle and fat tissue is called

anorexia.

cachexia.

a paraneoplastic syndrome.

infarction.

Answer 2

cachexia.

Question 3

Traditional chemotherapy drugs for cancer work by

causing extensive DNA mutations or halting progression through the cell cycle.

directly binding to oncogenes expressed by cancer cells and inhibiting their activity.

reducing the number of blood vessels supplying a tumor.

stimulating the person’s cytotoxic T cells to be better able to recognize and attack the cancer cells.

Answer 3

causing extensive DNA mutations or halting progression through the cell cycle

Question 4

Autosomal dominant diseases include: (select all that apply)

Huntington’s disease

cystic fibrosis

Fragile X syndrome

phenylketonuria

Marfan syndrome

hemophilia A

Tay-Sachs disease

Answer 4

Huntington’s disease and Marfan syndrome

Question 5

Which genotype does a carrier of cystic fibrosis have?

homozygous dominant

heterozygous

homozygous recessive

homozygous dominant or heterozygous

homozygous recessive or heterozygous

Answer 5

heterozygous

Question 6

Which chromosomal abnormality occurs in Down syndrome?

two X chromosomes plus one Y chromosome

monosomy X

three copies of chromosome 18

three copies of chromosome 21

Answer 6

three copies of chromosome 21

Question 7

Which disease is caused by vitamin D deficiency in childhood, and is characterized by abnormally soft bones and bowed legs?
Group of answer choices

gout

osteomalacia

rickets

hypercalcemia

osteoarthritis

Answer 7

rickets

Question 8

Chronic blood loss causes anemia primarily because

Group of answer choices

blood loss causes a reduction in the amount of iron available to recycle.

blood loss causes a reduction in the bodys ability to recycle calcium.

newly produced erythrocytes have a shorter life span after an injury has occurred.

the blood loss causes destruction of gastric parietal cells.

reduced blood volume causes decreased hematopoiesis.

Answer 8

blood loss causes a reduction in the amount of iron available to recycle.

Question 9

All of the following are general signs and symptoms of anemia EXCEPT
Group of answer choices

dyspnea.

tachycardia.

pale skin.

fatigue.

poor blood clotting.

Answer 9

poor blood clotting.

Question 10

Which of the following is characteristic of aplastic anemia?
Group of answer choices

it is a form of malignant tumor

idiopathic in about 95% of cases

increased hematopoiesis in the bone marrow

increased susceptibility to infection

elevated thrombocyte levels

Answer 10

increased susceptibility to infection

Question 11

Typical manifestations of blood clotting disorders include all of the following EXCEPT
Group of answer choices

petechiae.

coughing up frothy red sputum.

presence of blood in the stools.

frequent bleeding of the gums and other soft tissues.

paresthesia.

Answer 11

paresthesia.

Question 12

A patient is diagnosed with cancer. The patient has tumors in the bones of the skull and vertebrae, resulting in weakening of the bone. The malignant cells have characteristics of plasma cells. This patient has
Group of answer choices

multiple myeloma.

Hodgkin’s disease.

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

acute myelogenous leukemia.

primary polycythemia.

lymphedema.

Answer 12

multiple myeloma

Question 13

Which of the following would be an appropriate treatment plan for gout, but not other forms of arthritis?
Group of answer choices

a diet low in sources of uric acid

increased weight-bearing exercise

drugs that reduce inflammation

vitamin D supplementation

a drug that blocks production of rheumatoid factor

Answer 13

a diet low in sources of uric acid

Question 14

Which protein promotes the development of new erythrocytes in the bone marrow?
Group of answer choices

hemoglobin

erythropoietin

albumin

ferritin

myelin

Answer 14

erythropoietin

Question 15

Which of the following is correct about Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy?
Group of answer choices

Females are more frequently affected than males.

The onset of manifestations is usually in the late teenage years.

All of these are correct.

Motor neurons progressively degenerate.

Skeletal muscle degenerates and is replaced by adipose tissue and fibrosis.

Answer 15

Which of the following is correct about Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy?
Group of answer choices

Females are more frequently affected than males.

The onset of manifestations is usually in the late teenage years.

All of these are correct.

Motor neurons progressively degenerate.

Skeletal muscle degenerates and is replaced by adipose tissue and fibrosis.

Question 16

Which of the following is characterized by excessive rates of hemolysis?
Group of answer choices

sickle cell anemia

pernicious anemia, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia.

pernicious anemia

thalassemia and sickle cell anemia, but not pernicious anemia.

thalassemia

Answer 16

sickle cell anemia

Question 17

Which of the following is typical of Hodgkin’s disease?
Group of answer choices

initial manifestation is a single, enlarged inguinal lymph node

cancerous cells originated as monocytes

lymph node biopsy positive for Reed-Sternberg cells

hypercalcemia

accumulation of lymph in affected tissues

Answer 17

lymph node biopsy positive for Reed-Sternberg cells

Question 18

Compartment syndrome occurs after a fracture when
Group of answer choices

extensive inflammation and edema causes increased pressure within the fascia

a piece of fatty tissue breaks free from the bone marrow and lodges in a downstream blood vessel

extensive bleeding causes a large clot to form in the bone marrow

excessive firing of motor neurons in the damaged area cause muscle spasm

a procallus forms in the fracture site in the bone

Answer 18

extensive inflammation and edema causes increased pressure within the fascia

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the major change in blood cells that occurs with polycythemia vera?
Group of answer choices

increased blood clotting time

increased numbers of erythrocytes

pancytopenia

decreased numbers of platelets

increased storage of iron in the liver

Answer 19

increased numbers of erythrocytes

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the tissue damage and chronic pain that occurs in sickle cell anemia?
Group of answer choices

insufficient production of myelin, causing malfunction of sensory neurons in the periphery

insufficient platelet production leading to reduced blood clotting and frequent bleeding

crowding of bone marrow compartments due to overproduction of immature leukocytes

decreased flexibility of erythrocytes in low-oxygen conditions, causing occlusion of small blood vessels

high rates of hemolysis leading to buildup of bilirubin in the blood

Answer 20

decreased flexibility of erythrocytes in low-oxygen conditions, causing occlusion of small blood vessels

Question 21

Which of the following is characteristic of osteoarthritis, but is NOT characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?
Group of answer choices

systemic manifestations such as fatigue are common

cartilage in the affected joints is damaged and eroded

primarily affects weight-bearing joints

ankylosis develops as the disease progresses

initial injury is autoimmune attack of the joints

Answer 21

systemic manifestations such as fatigue are common

Question 22

Which term is used to describe a fracture in which the skin is broken in the area of the fractured bone?

Open fracture

Comminuted fracture

Simple fracture

Compression fracture

Compartment syndrome

Answer 22

Open fracture

Question 23

How does muscle and nerve damage occur in compartment syndrome?

Immune cells become autoreactive and attack muscle cells and nerve cells.

Extensive bleeding and edema causes pressure inside the fascia to increase, causing ischemia of muscles and nerves.

Infection of the fascia causes degeneration of the muscle and nerve cells.

Muscle and nerve cells hypertrophy, and the increased cell volume causes pressure inside the fascia to increase.

Answer 23

Extensive bleeding and edema causes pressure inside the fascia to increase, causing ischemia of muscles and nerves.

Question 24

What is the primary pathophysiological change that occurs in osteoporosis?

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of bone

Breakdown of the cartilage lining synovial joints

Autoimmune attack of osteoblasts, causing them to degenerate

Decreased quantity of bone tissue, with decreased bone density

Answer 24

Decreased quantity of bone tissue, with decreased bone density

Question 25

Manifestations and complications of osteoporosis include: (select all that are correct) increased fractures abnormal curvatures of the spine including kyphosis decreased estrogen levels loss of height slow healing of fractures low vitamin D levels

Answer 25

increased fractures, abnormal curvatures of the spine including kyphosis, loss of height, and low vitamin D levels

Question 26

What change has occurred in the bones of a patient with osteomalacia? The bone tissue has less vitamin D in the bony matrix. The bone tissue has decreased in quantity and density. The bone tissue has less mineral in the bony matrix. The bone tissue is inflamed.

Answer 26

The bone tissue has less mineral in the bony matrix.

Question 27

All of the statements below about Duchenne muscular dystrophy are correct EXCEPT: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is more common in males than females. Duchenne muscular dystrophy affects skeletal muscle only, not cardiac or smooth muscle. Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy have a shortened expected life span. Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients typically have weak muscles, especially in the hips and legs.

Answer 27

Duchenne muscular dystrophy affects skeletal muscle only, not cardiac or smooth muscle.

Question 28

Which type of arthritis typically first affects the large-weight bearing joints such as the knees? ankylosing spondylitis gout rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis

Answer 28

osteoarthritis