Pathophysiology

Question 1

cardiac output

Answer 1

Amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 2

chemoreceptors

Answer 2

chemical receptors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 3

dead air space

Answer 3

area that occupies the space between the mouth and alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange

Question 4

diaphoresis

Answer 4

cool, pale and moist/sweaty skin

sign of shock

Question 5

edema

Answer 5

swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space

Question 6

electrolyte

Answer 6

substance that separates into charged particles when dissolved in water

Question 7

FiO2

Answer 7

fraction of inspired oxygen; the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe

Question 8

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 8

the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel

Question 9

hypersensitivity

Answer 9

an exaggerated response by the immune system to a specific substance

Question 10

hypoperfusion

Answer 10

SHOCK

inability of the body to circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients

Question 11

metabolism

Answer 11

the cellular function of converting nutrients into energy

Question 12

minute volume

Answer 12

the amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths per minute

Question 13

patent

Answer 13

open and clear, free from obstruction

Question 14

pathophysiology

Answer 14

study of how disease processes affect the body

Question 15

perfusion

Answer 15

the supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries

Question 16

plasma oncotic pressure

Answer 16

the pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream

Question 17

stretch receptors

Answer 17

sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure

Question 18

stroke volume

Answer 18

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction

Question 19

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Answer 19

the pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system

Question 20

tidal volume

Answer 20

the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing

Question 21

V/Q Match

Answer 21

ventilation/perfusion match
implies that the alveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the alveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 22

Key Decisions

Answer 22

Is the airway obstructed? Will it stay open?
Is breathing adequate? and is perfusion adequate?
Is anything interrupting the V/Q match?

Question 23

Signs of Compensation

Answer 23

• Increased pulse and respirations
• Potential delayed capillary refill
• Diaphoretic skin
• Potential dilated pupils

Question 24

hypovolemic shock

Answer 24

Low blood volume

Question 25

distributive shock

Answer 25

Smooth muscle in the vessels loses its ability to maintain a normal diameter Ex in context: anaphylaxis & sepsis

Question 26

cardiogenic shock

Answer 26

Heart fails in its ability to pump blood | ie. myocardial infarction or trauma can lead to dysrythmia or mechanical problems

Question 27

obstructive shock

Answer 27

large quantities of blood are prevented from reaching essential organs and vital areas ex. tension pneumothorax or pulmonary embolism

Question 28

what section of the brain has respiratory control?

Answer 28

medulla oblongata

Question 29

signs of an obstructed airway

Answer 29

- cyanosis - unconsciousness - wheezing - decreased breath sounds - rapid or shallow breathing - confusion

Question 30

signs of bronchospasm

Answer 30

- pain/tightness in chest and back - wheezing - prolonged expiratory phase of breathing - dizziness

Question 31

signs of heart rate too slow to maintain perfusion

Answer 31

signs of cardiogenic shock

Question 32

signs of compensated shock

Answer 32

- slight mental status changes (anxiety) - Increased heart rate - Increased respiratory rate - delayed capillary refill time - diaphoresis - sweating