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Pathophysiology and Disease Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

pathophysiology

A

challenges in maintaining homeostasis and overall state of health

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2
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1

A
  • endocrine
  • autoimmune
  • polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • fatigue
  • blurry vision
  • weight loss
  • elevated blood glucose
  • insulin therapy
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3
Q

diabetes mellitus type 2

A

-endocrine
-obesity
-inactivity
-genetics
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-fatigue
-elevated blood glucose
therapy:
-diet modification
-exercise
-medication
-insulin therapy

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4
Q

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

A
  • endocrine
  • excessive insulin
  • irregular menses
  • elevated hormone levels
  • multiple cysts on ovaries
  • weight loss
  • estrogen and progestin
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5
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • endocrine
  • autoimmune
  • thyroid surgery
  • fatigue
  • weight gain
  • muscle aches
  • bradycardia
  • depression
  • elevated cholesterol
  • dry skin
  • synthetic thyroid hormone medication (levothyroxine)
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6
Q

hyperthyroidism

A
  • endocrine
  • graves disease
  • thyroiditis
  • plummers disease
  • weight loss
  • tachycardia
  • anxiety
  • fatigue
  • sleep disruption
  • goiter
  • therapy:
  • radioactive iodine
  • antithyroid
  • beta blockers
  • thyroidectomy
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7
Q

basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

A
  • integumentary
  • light/fair skin
  • sun exposure
  • new growth or sore that does not heal
  • curettage and electrodessication mohs surgery
  • cryosurgery
  • laser therapy
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8
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • light/fair skin
  • sun exposure
  • less common than BCC
  • spreads to surrounding tissue
  • most common on face and head
  • curettage and elctrodessication mohs surgery
  • cryosurgery
  • laser surgery
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9
Q

malignant melanoma

A
  • integumentary
  • light/fair skin
  • sun exposure
  • itchy/bleeding mole
  • new mole
  • mole with changes
  • depends on stage of lesion
  • surgery
  • lymph node biopsy
  • chemotherapy
  • radiation therapy
  • immunotherapy
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10
Q

acne vulgaris

A
  • integumentary
  • surge of sex hormones during puberty
  • excess sebum on skin surface
  • black heads, white heads
  • papules
  • pustles
  • regular cleansing of affected area
  • OTC benzoyl peroxide products
  • prescriptions
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11
Q

alopecia

A
  • integumentary
  • often hereditary
  • hormone changes
  • chemotherapy
  • stress
  • burns
  • fungal skin
  • loss or lack of hair
  • no cure
  • hair transplants
  • medications can slow progression
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12
Q

cellulitis

A
  • integumentary
  • staphylococcal and streptococcal bacterial infections
  • red, tight skin
  • pain in inflammed areas
  • fever
  • oral/topical antibiotics
  • hospitilization if at risk for developing systemic infection
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13
Q

dermatitis

A
  • integumentary
  • multiple causative agents
  • contacts with irritants
  • inflammation of skin resulting in rash or pruritus
  • corticosteroid creams
  • oral steroids
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14
Q

eczema

A
  • integumentary
  • chronic dermatitis with vesicular eruptions
  • itchy, scaly, red, rash
  • topical or systemic seteroids
  • NSAIDs for discomfort
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15
Q

folliculitis

A
  • shaving or repeated rubbing of shaved area
  • bacteria or fungi
  • red, itchy, hair follicles
  • pimple appearance
  • regular cleansing of affected area
  • topical antibiotics
  • electric shaver
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16
Q

herpes simplex

A
  • integumentary
  • contact with herpes simplex virus
  • type 1: painful blisters on lips, mouth
  • type 2: similar lesions in genital area
  • no cure
  • antiviral medication to decrease frequency of outbreaks
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17
Q

lmpetigo

A
  • integumentary
  • staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria
  • itchy, oozing skin lesions with honey like appearing crust
  • antibiotics
  • frequent cleasning
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18
Q

pediculosis

A
  • parasitic lice infestation
  • skin itching
  • nits (eggs) in hair
  • particularly near roots
  • prescription or OTC lice treaments/shampoo
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19
Q

psoriasis

A
  • inherited autoimmune disorder
  • silvery, scaly, severely itchy skin lesions
  • systemic symptoms such as joint pain and imflammation
  • oral NSAIDs
  • topical creams
  • vitamin A and D
  • hydrocortisone cream
  • UV treatment
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20
Q

ringworm

A
  • contact with causative fungus
  • flat, circular lesions
  • topical and oral antifungal medication
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21
Q

rosacea

A
  • dilation of small facial blood vessels
  • redness
  • acne like eruptions on face
  • topical cortisones
  • antibiotics
  • vascular laser therapy
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22
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • musculoskeletal
  • inflammatory
  • metabolic disorder
  • joint stiffness and pain
  • fluid surrounding the joint
  • grating sounds with joint movement
  • NSAIDs intra-articular injections
  • arthroscopy joint replacement surgery
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23
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune

  • destruction of the joint capsule causing scar tissue to form
  • visible joint deformity
  • loss of joint mobility
  • NSAIDs
  • exercise
  • heat and cold
  • cortisone injections
  • surgery to remove scar tissue
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24
Q

bursitis

A
  • musculoskeletal
  • overuse
  • joint trauma
  • bacterial infection
  • joint pain and swelling
  • rest
  • pain medication
  • steroid medication
  • aspiration of joint fluid
  • antibiotics
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25
ewings sarcoma family of tumors
- unknown - males only - 10-20 years old - fever - pain at tumor site - fractures - bruising - surgery - chemotherapy - radiation therapy - bone marrow transplant - stem cell transplant
26
gout
musculoskeletal - deposits of uric acid crystals accumulate in joint spaces - joint pain - common in big toe and knee joints - stiffness - swelling - dietary changes - pain medication - medication to aid in elimination of uric acid in kidneys during urine formation
27
kyphosis
- growth retardation - improper development of growth plates - aging and degeneration disk disease - visible upper back curvature - exercise - back bracing - harrington rod - spinal fusion in extreme cases
28
lordosis
- injury - poor posture - wearing high heels - inward curvature of lower back - corrective shoes - exercise
29
osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)
- hereditary - dental issues - fractures at birth - loose joints - muscle weakness - respiratory issues - blue sclera of the eyes - triangle shaped face - small stature - spinal curvature - fracture repair - surgery with metal ordding - physical therapy - bracing
30
osteoporosis
- hormone deficiencies - sedentary lifestyle - lack of vit D - corticosteroid use - smoking - fractures (spine, hips, wrists) - loss of height - kyphosis - medication - hormone replacement - exercise - supplements
31
osteosarcoma
- unknown - pain in affected bones (usually legs) - swelling with development of tumor growth - surgery - chemotherapy and radiation - amputation of affected leg
32
pagets disease
- hereditary - viral - bone pain and deformity - fractures - excessive bone destruction - surgery - medication - physical therapy
33
scoliosis
- genetic - muscle weakness - prenatally during formation of vertebrae - bent appearing spine - back pain - back bracing - physical therapy - surgery with rod placement
34
fibromyalgia
- unknown - exacerbated by sleep deprivation - emotional distress - depression - fatigue - point tenderness - trigger points - chronic facial pain - sleep disturbances - antidepressants - NSAIDs - physical therapy - trigger point - injections
35
muscular dystrophy
- hereditary - muscle weakness leading to eventual paralysis of muscles - physical therapy - bracing - ambulatory devices - medications
36
myasthenia gravis
- autoimmune - double vision - muscle weakness - dysphagia - difficulty chewing - difficulty breathing - avoiding exercise - stress - rest - eye patch - medication
37
tendonitis
- sports or activity related - pain in joints - limited range of motion - rest - ice - NSAIDs
38
tetanus
- toxin produced by clostridium tetani - muscle spasm in jaw and neck - dyspnea - fever - irritability - sweating drooling - antitoxin - antibiotics
39
hypertension
- narrowing of arteries - increased arterial pressure - risk factors: obesity, smoking, stimulant use, kidney disease, high sodium intake, excessive alcohol consumption - excessive sweating - fatigue - muscle cramps - headaches - dizziness - treatment of underlying cause - lifestyle change - antihypertensive medication
40
angina
- coronary artery narrowing - atherosclerosis - pain/tightness in chest - sublingual nitroglycerin
41
coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis)
- buildup of fat and cholesterol in arteries - risk factors: high fat diet, high LDL, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle - no symptoms prior to heart attack - lipid lowering medications - low fat diet exercise - smoking cessation - coronary artery bypass grafting in severe cases
42
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- coronary artery blockage - atherosclerosis - blood clot - squeezing chest pain that can radiate to shoulder/arm/neck/jaw - shortness of breath - diaphoresis - dizziness - nausea - aspirin - CPR if unconscious - defibrillation - anticoagulant - immediate emergency protocol
43
aneurysm
- atherosclerosis - smoking - high cholesterol - diet obesity - usually no symp - possible back pain - tachycardia - dizziness - surgery
44
congestive heart failure (CHF)
- smoking - obesity - sedentary lifestyle - high cholesterol - hypertension* - shortness of breath - wheezing - peripheral edema in legs - irregular heart beat - medications to address tachycardia - diuretic medication to treat edema - antihypertensive medication
45
mitral valve prolapse
- unknown or hereditary - mild cases usually have no symptoms - severe cases can have shortness of breath and palpitations - surgery
46
thrombophlebitis
- prolonged periods of inactivity - hormone replacement therapy - cancer paralysis - thrombophlebitis - pain in affected area - redness - swelling - heat compression - stockings - anticoagulants medication surgery
47
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- HIV virus - low t cell counts - fever - diaphoresis - susceptibility to frequent infection - weight loss - antiretroviral medication to slow progression - treatment of secondary infections with antibiotics - no cure
48
lymphedema
- parasitic infection - trauma - surgical removal of lymph nodes - persistent tissue swelling - compression stockings - lymphedema pump - surgery
49
mononucleosis
- epstein barr virus - cytomegalovirus - extreme fatigue - sore throat - fever - supportive care
50
systemic lupus erythematosus
- medications bacterial infection - autoimmune - fatigue - body pain - butterfly rash on face - headaches - nausea - hair loss - weight loss - anemia - shortness of breath - NSAIDs (steroids topical creams)
51
celiac disease
- genetic defect - lack of enzyme that breaks down gluten - consumption of gluten triggers - autoimmune reaction - weight loss - bloating - loose stools - eventual systemic organ wasting due to lack of nutrients - malabsorption - gluten free diet
52
asthma
- allergens - pollutants - dust mites - cigarette smoke - wheezing - coughing - feeling of tightness in chest - avoiding allergens/irritants - rescue inhaler of bronchodilation - anti inflammatory steroid inhalers - leukotrienereceptor antagonists - steroid injection for an acute episode
53
atelectasis
- cystic fibrosis - COPD - lung cancer - spontaneous - dyspnea - cyanosis - diaphoresis - pain - thoracentesis - chest percussion - deep breathing exercises - intermittent - positive pressure breathing
54
bronchitis
- viral - environmental pollutants - cigarette smoke - yellow gray or green productive cough - chest tightness - dyspnea - fever - cough medicine - humidifier - inhalers - antibiotics in some cases
55
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- smoking environmental pollutants - dyspnea - hypoxia - fatigue - cough - smoking cessation - inhalers - lung transplant in extreme cases
56
emphysema
- damage to the alveoli caused by cigarette smoke - pollutants - specific types of dust - shortness of breath - chronic cough - fatigue - smoking cessation - avoiding cold environments - antibiotics for secondary lung infections
57
influenza
- respiratory virus - fever - muscle pain - fatigue - sore throat - rhinorrhea - symptomatic - OTC analgesics for aches and fever - antiviral medication
58
legionnaires' disease
- legionella bacteria that grow in standing water - dyspnea - cough - headache - fever - antibiotics - respiratory medications - oxygen - fever medication (antipyretic)
59
pneumonia
- bacterial - viral - parasitic - thick, colored sputum - dyspnea - fever - cough - rest - antibiotics - OTC analgesics
60
pulmonary edema
- congestive heart failure - myocardial infarction - heart valve disorder - drowning injury - orthopnea - dyspnea - wheeze - productive cough - weight gain - pallor - oxygen therapy - diuretics
61
pulmonary embolism
- blood clot blocking an artery in the lung - dyspnea - chest pain - cough - fainting - rapid onset of shortness of breath - diaphoresis - circulation support (compression hose) - rest - anticoagulant medication - surgically implanted filter
62
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
- viral - fever - headache - dry cough - rest - antiviral medication
63
tuberculosis (TB)
- bacterial - chronic cough - weight loss - fatigue - night sweats - painful or difficult breathing - isolation if symptomatic medication therapy for 6 to 12 months
64
alzheimers disease
- degenerative brain disease - genetic or environmental - confusion - memory loss - impaired judgement - personality change - worsens overtime - physical activity - socialization - medication to slow the progression - no cure
65
bells palsy
- unknown cause - weakness or paralysis of facial muscles - facial numbness - headache - NSAIDs - pain relievers - usually self resolving
66
seizures
- birth trauma - infections - brain injury - head trauma - drug withdrawal - uncontrolled muscle contractions - loss of consciousness - visual disturbances - medication - brain surgery
67
meningitis
- bacterial - viral - fungal - infection - inflammation of meninges - stiff neck - headache - fever - vomiting - appropriate medication - bacterial can be fatal
68
multiple sclerosis (MS)
- viral - genetic - immune system dysfunction - loss of ability to speak, walk - double vision - loss of balance - weakness in arm/legs - supportive medications to slow - no cure
69
parkinsons disease
- lack of neurotransmitters - brain tumors - drugs - head trauma - arm/leg muscle and joint stiffness - lack of coordination - tremor - supportive medications to slow progression - no cure
70
stroke
- blockage of artery in neck or brain - paralysis - confusion - memory impairment - symptoms can be permanent - physical therapy - occupational therapy - speech therapy
71
migraine headache
hormones - stress - dietary - familial - dull to throbbing - head pain - sensitivity to light, sound, nausea, vomiting - visual aura - medications alternative methods (acupunture, biofeedback, magnesium)
72
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- increased age - increased level of dihydrotestosterone - feeling of full bladder after urinating - weak urine flow - needing to urinate often - alpha blockers - minimally invasive surgical procedures - transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
73
hydrocele
- failure of inguinal ring to close properly in development - injury or swelling of the scrotum - few symptoms - pain - increased size of scrotum - surgery if symptomatic
74
prostate cancer
- unknown - genetics - pain - erectile dysfunction - dysuria - hormone therapy - radiation therapy - surgery - cryosurgery - chemotherapy
75
sexually transmitted infections
- unprotected contact with infected tissue or fluids - varies depending on infection/disease - pelvic or penile pain - sores - itching or discharge - dysuria - body rash - infertility - varies depending on infection/disease - medication crysurgery - immunizations
76
endometriosis
- unknown - almost no symptoms - pelvic pain especially during menses - painful urination and defecation - infertility issues - NSAIDs - gonadotropin releasing hormone - oral contraceptives - progestins - surgical intervention
77
pelvic inflammatory disease
- untreated STDs/STIs - multiple sexual partners - frequent douching - lower abdominal pain - back pain - fever - rapid pulse - vaginal discharge - pain during sex - antibiotic treatment - surgical intervention to treat scarring
78
cervical cancer
- particular strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) - abnormal vaginal bleeding - lower abdominal or pelvic pain - abnormal vaginal discharge - pain during sex - surgical intervention (partial or complete hysterectomy) - removal of lymph nodes in affected regions - chemotherapy - radiation therapy
79
acute kidney failure
- burns - dehydration - hemorrhage - low blood pressure - trauma - little to no urine production - swelling in extremities - mental confusion - coma - seizures - nose bleeds - increase dietary protein - fluid and potassium - intake regulation dialysis
80
chronic kidney disease
- diabetes - hypertension - kidney stones - polycystic kidney disease - headache - seizures - confusion - fatigue - anemia - abnormal heart or lung sounds - antibiotics - blood transfusion - control of blood pressure - dialysis - kidney transplant
81
incontinence
- nervous system disorders - urinary tract infection (UTI) - bladder cancer - prostate disorders - involuntary urination - medication - surgical removal of the prostate - kegel exercises - surgery
82
polycystic kidney disease
- enlarged kidneys due to cysts - inherited - hypertension - fatigue - anemia - heart murmurs - medication draining of cysts - surgical removal of kidneys
83
pyelonephritis
- bladder infection that spreads to kidney - fatigue - fever - painful urination - cloudy or bloody urine - antibiotics
84
renal calculi
- highly concentrate urine - UTI - gout - severe back or abdominal pain - fever - nausea - urgency - medication - surgery - lithotripsy
85
appendicitis
- idiopathic - inflammation of the appendix - RLQ pain loss of appetite nausea - antibiotics - appendectomy
86
cirrhosis
- scarring of liver - can be autoimmune - medication - alcohol - hepatitis B or C - anemia - fatigue - fever - enlarged liver - jaundice - weight loss - avoid alcohol consumption - antibiotics - diuretics
87
cholelithiasis (gallstones)
- insoluble cholesterol and bile salt - can be asymptomatic - radiating right upper quad pain - fever - nausea, vomiting - laparoscopic cholecystectomy - lithotripsy
88
colitis (inflammation of the large intestine)
- viral or bacterial infection - diarrhea - abdominal pain - bloating - treatment of underlying cause - surgery
89
constipation (difficulty eliminating feces)
- inactivity - lack of fiber and water in diet - medications - bloating - abdominal pain - hard feces - increased dietary fiber and water - physical activity
90
crohns disease
- inflammatory bowel disease - autoimmune - fever - joint pain - tender gums - abnormal abdominal sounds - constipation or diarrhea - intestinal bleeding - dietary changes antibiotics - surgery
91
diverticulitis (abnormal outpouching of intestinal wall)
- bacterial - viral - parasitic - constipation or diarrhea - bloody stools - abdominal pain - nausea - high fiber diet - antibiotics
92
hemorrhoids (varicose vein of the rectum or anus)
- constipation - straining during bowel movements - pelvic pressure during pregnancy, childbirth - itching, pain in anal area - blood with bowel movements - visible protrusion from the anus - high fiber diet - stool softeners - surgical removal
93
hiatal hernia (part of stomach protrudes through diaphragm into chest cavity)
- unknown causes - smoking - obesity - heart burn - chest pain - excessive burping - nausea, vomiting - weight reduction - medication - surgical repair
94
stomach ulcer
- bacterial infection - smoking - medication - nausea, vomiting - abdominal pain - antibiotics - antacid medication - surgery
95
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear
- plant and twist motion of the foot and knee - pain - swelling - knee buckling - physical exam - radiographic confirmation (MRI) - RICE - surgical repair - allograft - physical therapy
96
concussion
- head impact - nausea - loss of balance - disorientation - headache - physical exam - neurologic testing - CT of the brain - rest - treatment of symptoms
97
muscle strain
- overexertion of a muscle not properly warmed up for activity level - pain - swelling - tight feeling - physical exam - MRI - RICE - avoiding physical strain to the area
98
epicondylitis (tennis elbow)
- overuse of elbow causing tiny ligament tears - swelling - tenderness - grip weakness - physical exam - x-ray - MRI - rest - ice - NSAIDs - forearm strap - extended break from aggravating activity
99
rotator cuff tear
- repetitive stress of the shoulder joint - pain - weakness - inability to raise arm over head - physical exam - x-ray - MRI - rest - NSAIDs - cortisone injection to shoulder joint - surgery
100
bone fracture
- impact injury resulting in bone cracking or breaking - stress fractures- overuse or repetitative stress - pain - swelling - loss of function - physical exam - x-ray - CT if plain films are not clear - immobilization with internal or external device (Cast, splint, pins, plates, screws)
101
joint dislocation (subluxations)
- impact injury removing bones from the proper joint alignment - pain - loss of sensation - immobility - physical exam - x-ray - MRI - CT - realignment of bones - immobilization - physical therapy to strengthen surrounding muscles - surgery for repeated incidences
102
diagnostic imaging that uses radiation
- x-rays - computed tomography (CT) - angiography - mammography - nuclear medicine studies
103
diagnostic imagine that doesnt uses radition
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | - ultrasound
104
contrast material
- makes structures more radiopaque (lighter/bright) -> easier to see - air - barium - gadolinium - iodine - administered orally, infection or intravenously
105
nuclear medicine
- diagnostic imagine that involves administration of radioactive isotopes - collects in areas of high metabolic activity - SPECT scan- assess brain damage following stroke - PET scan- diagnose brain disorders - MUGA scan- evaluates condition of heart muscle
106
incidence
- occurrence of new diseases or cases in a specific population over a distinct time period - incidence of injuries can be classified into groups of people who participate in specific activities - ex. college athletes suffer from ACL tear more than kindergarten teachers - new cases*
107
prevalence
- proportion of population who have a particular disease at a specific point in time over a period of time - includes all cases while incidence is limited to only new cases
108
risk factors
- characteristics that make a person more likely to suffer a disease or injury - modifiable or nonmodifiable - high fat diet is a risk factor for heart disease and is modifiable - family history of breast cancer is a nonmodifiable risk factor
109
morbidity
- measure of sickness or disease within a specific population or area - morbidity can lead to mortality
110
mortality
- measure of deaths in an area of population | - morbidity can lead to mortality
111
comorbidities
- diseases or conditions in one person at the same time - often chronic - obesity, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus are common comorbid conditions
112
upstream management
- health care organizations becoming increasingly involved in the health of its population, even when patients are not in the clinic or hospitals - community outreach programs, education, involvement of health care organization
113
endemic
-constantly present within a community
114
epidemic
infectious disease spreads rapidly to a large number of people -can turn into a pandemic if measures are not taken to keep illness under control
115
pandemic
-world wide outbreak of a disease
116
smallpox
-pandemic that led to first vaccine
117
colorectal cancer
-risk factors are low fiber high fat diet, genetic, and being 55+

Medical Assistant (9 decks)

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