Pathophysiology I

Question 1

What are the three categories of infectious diseases?

Answer 1

established infectious disease
newly emerging infectious disease
reemerging infectious disease

Question 2

what are established infectious disease?

Answer 2

endemic diseases that have been prevalent for a sufficient perioud of time to allow for a relatively stable and predictable level of morbity and mortality

Question 3

what are newly emerging infectious diseases?

Answer 3

diseases that are recognized in the human host for the first time

Question 4

what are reemerging infectious diseases?

Answer 4

diseases that historically have infected humans but continue to reappear in either new locations or resistant forms or reappear after apparent control or elimination or under unusual circumstances

Question 5

what is the definition of infectious disease?

Answer 5

disorder in which tissue damage or dysfunction is produced by a microorganisms

direct damage causes by microorganisms, or defense mechanisms to eliminate infection

Question 6

what are ways that microorganisms of infectious disease can transmission

Answer 6

person to person = contagious

or other sources, vectors, reservoirs including: animals, insects, soil, water, food, microbial flora

Question 7

what is the complex of properties that allows an organism to achieve infection and cause disease of different degrees of severity

Answer 7

virulence

Question 8

How do virulence factors enable organism to achieve infection and cause disease by:

Answer 8

gaining access to the body
avoiding multiple host defenses
accommodating growth in human milieu
parasitizing human resources
inducing damage or toxicity

Question 9

What are the defense mechanisms of the host?

Answer 9

skin
mucous membranes
filtration system of upper respiratory airways
mucociliary escalator
antimicrobial secretions
lymphatic and immune systems

Question 10

What are host factors in infectious disease?

Answer 10

historical notion
heritable variability
age
previous exposures
integrity of host defenses
behavior

Question 11

What are infectious agents?

Answer 11

viruses
prions
bacteria
fungi
protozoa
helminths

Question 12

What are different types and onsets of infectious disease?

Answer 12

acute
chronic

local
systemic

Question 13

What are the different possible locations and compartments of infection?

Answer 13

respiratory system - upper and lower
dental
digestive - enteritis and peritonitis
urogenital
skin
bone and joint
central nervous system
blood

Question 14

The smallest livings cells are known as

Answer 14

bacteria

Question 15

what is the typical size of bacteria?

Answer 15

0.1 -10 um

Question 16

bacteria are also known as

Answer 16

prokaryotes

Question 17

how are bacteria classified?

Answer 17

based on structural features of the outer envelope

Question 18

Most bacteria have a

Answer 18

rigid cell wall

Question 19

What is the name of the gram stain used to classify bacteria?

Answer 19

crystal violet - iodine complex

Question 20

What are some key characteristics of gram positive bacteria?

Answer 20

dark blue stain does not wash out
cell wall contains teichoic acid and thick peptidoglycan layer

Question 21

What are some key characteristics of gram negative bacteria?

Answer 21

stain washes out and counter stains with safranin
outer membrane contains a lipopolysaccharide component (LPS)

Question 22

What is an endotoxin, that is a potent mediator of shock?

Answer 22

LPS

Question 23

T or F. the dark blue stain does not wash out in gram positive bacteria

Answer 23

T

Question 24

T or F. the stain does not wash out in gram negative bacteria

Answer 24

F. the stain does wash out and safranin is used to stain red/pink

Question 25

What are the types of bacterial shapes?

Answer 25

cocci bacilli vibros spirochetes

Question 26

what bacteria shape are rods

Answer 26

bacilli

Question 27

what bacteria shape are spherical or round?

Answer 27

cocci

Question 28

what bacteria shape are curved?

Answer 28

vibros

Question 29

Which bacteria shape are spiral shaped?

Answer 29

spirochetes

Question 30

The different types of classifications for bacteria are?

Answer 30

gram stain shape colony characteristics metabolic requirements biochemical components genetics

Question 31

what are the different types of metabolic requirements for bacteria?

Answer 31

aerobic anaerobic faculative

Question 32

What are the different types of biochemical components for bacteria?

Answer 32

coagulase catalase hemolytic

Question 33

How do bacteria cause disease?

Answer 33

direct destruction of tissue release of toxins stimulation of host response

Question 34

What is released during the acute phase of bacteria causing disease?

Answer 34

IL1 IL6 TNF

Question 35

do all bacteria cause disease?

Answer 35

no

Question 36

what is the function of normal flora?

Answer 36

aid in digestion produce vitamins friendly bacteria protect pathogens by forming a barrier and fighting for available nutrients

Question 37

T or F Normal flora that invade sterile sites cannot cause disease

Answer 37

false. they can cause disease

Question 38

___________ have mechanism that promote growth at the hosts expense

Answer 38

virulent bacteria

Question 39

____________ take advantage of preexisting conditions that enhance susceptibility

Answer 39

opportunistic bacteria

Question 40

What are some examples of conditions for opportunistic bacteria?

Answer 40

immunosuppression such as burn or HIV patients breaches in skin

Question 41

What are the two major factors that determine the occurrence of a disease?

Answer 41

Bacterial strain inoculum size

Question 42

T or F inoculum size varies greatly among bacteria

Answer 42

T

Question 43

T or F inoculum size is not influenced by pH or congenital defects

Answer 43

F. it is

Question 44

T or F bacteria possess different degrees of virulence

Answer 44

T

Question 45

What are different areas of the body into which bacteria may gain entry?

Answer 45

mouth nose respiratory tract ears eyes urogenital tract anus breaches in skin external or internal wounds

Question 46

T or F The GI tract is naturally colonized by benign and potentially helpful bacteria

Answer 46

T. normal gut flora

Question 47

T or F Environmental conditions may determine what bacteria can or will colonize at a body site

Answer 47

T

Question 48

Sterile body sites may be colonized by bacteria if there

Answer 48

is a breach of the bodys defenses or a new portal of entry such as a puncture

Question 49

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in CF is due to reduction in _____________

Answer 49

mucociliary function and altered secretions

Question 50

are mechanisms used by bacteria to adhere to and colonize body surfaces general or specifc?

Answer 50

specific

Question 51

bacteria are not washed away due to the fact that they...

Answer 51

adhere to blood vessels, bladder walls or endothelial lining

Question 52

e.coli and other bacteria have ________- that bind to specific tissue receptors

Answer 52

adhesions

Question 53

many adhesions are present on the tips of bacterial _____________

Answer 53

fimbriae (pilli)

Question 54

How do streptococcus pyogenes adhere?

Answer 54

using lipoteichoic acid and F protein to bind to epithelial cells

Question 55

______ and ______ express adhesions that are not on fimbriae

Answer 55

bordetella pertussis and mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 56

bacterial adhesions of neisseria gonorrhoeae are

Answer 56

fimbriae which binds to oligosaccharide receptors on epithelial cells

Question 57

What are the bacterial adhesions of E coli?

Answer 57

p fimbriae binds receptors for - d - falactosyl - - d galactoside which is present on p blood group antgen on erythrocytes and uroepi cells

Question 58

_____ are a special adaptation that facilitates colonization

Answer 58

biofilms

Question 59

biofilms are bound within a sticky web of _____

Answer 59

polysaccharide

Question 60

________ sense when cell number is sufficient to produce a biofilm and create a bacterial communtity

Answer 60

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 61

what is an example of a biofilm?

Answer 61

dental plaque

Question 62

what is the function of biofilms?

Answer 62

they protect bacteria from host defenses

Question 63

bacteria are unable to cross skin but some can

Answer 63

cross mucosal membranes

Question 64

invasive bacteria either _____ or _____

Answer 64

destroy the barrier penetrate barrier cells

Question 65

what are the three types of bacteria that use fimbriae to bind micofold cells of the colon that stimulate cell membrane to engulf the bacteria?

Answer 65

shigella salmonella yersinia

Question 66

what type of bacteria in terms of penetration can spread to adjacent cells?

Answer 66

shigella

Question 67

what type of bacteria in terms of penetration can pass through the cell and initiate a systemic infection?

Answer 67

salmonella

Question 68

what are pathogenicity islands?

Answer 68

large chromosomal regions that contain sets of genes encoding virulence factors

Question 69

T or F genes of a pathogenicity island may be turned on by a single stimulus such as pH or heat

Answer 69

True

Question 70

what two bacteria encode protein machinery for invasion within pathogenicity islands in DNA?

Answer 70

salmonella sp enteropathogenic strains of e colo

Question 71

what are some by products of bacterial growth?

Answer 71

acids, gas and other toxic substances also degradative enzymes

Question 72

what is a by product of clostridum perfringens after it establishes infection in O2 depleted tissue?

Answer 72

gas gangrene

Question 73

bacterial products that directly harm tissue or trigger destruction are known as

Answer 73

toxins

Question 74

what are the causes of toxin and toxin like activities?

Answer 74

degradative enzymes that cause lysis of cells and receptor binding protein initiate toxic reactions in target cells

Question 75

______ components initiate systemic responses due to release of cytokines

Answer 75

cell wall

Question 76

What is presented in food contaminates and can cause symptoms before an organism even begins growing? What are two examples of bacteria in which this can be found?

Answer 76

preformed toxins staph aureus and bacillus cereus

Question 77

T or F bacterial cell wall components cannot elicit a host response

Answer 77

False. They can

Question 78

What components of the bacterial cell wall can bind to toll like receptors on myeloid cells and stimulate cytokines?

Answer 78

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

Question 79

in gram positive organisms, ____ , ____, and _____ are released and stimulate pyrogenic acute phase responses that are endotoxin like

Answer 79

peptidoglycan, teichoic acid , lipoteichoic acid

Question 80

in gram negative organisms, lipopolysaccharide activates inflammatory reaction and it is known as a

Answer 80

endotoxin

Question 81

What portion of LPS is responsible for endotoxin activity?

Answer 81

the lipid portion

Question 82

Only gram ____ make endotoxin

Answer 82

negative