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Pathophysiology > pathophysiology-- intro to patho > Flashcards

pathophysiology-- intro to patho Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of pathophysiology

A

study of abnormalities in physical function of living beings, the physiology of altered health, structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease.

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2
Q

framework for the study of pathophysiology components

A

etiology with classifications, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment indications

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3
Q

etiology with classifications

A

proposed cause or reason for a disease/phenomenon

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4
Q

pathogenesis

A

proposed mechanism by which disease leads to clinical manifestations (before symptoms)

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5
Q

clinical manifestations

A

describes signs and symptoms

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6
Q

signs

A

objective, seen by HCP

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7
Q

symptoms

A

subjective, described by patient

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8
Q

treatment indications

A

implied through understanding of all other components, tell us how to treat the disease

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9
Q

latent period of disease

A

a. incubation period– time between exposure and first appearance of signs/symptoms
b. period of remission

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10
Q

prodromal period of disease

A

first signs and symptoms of disease, usually vague symptoms

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11
Q

subclinical period of disease

A

person has disease, and may have signs or symptoms, but functions normally

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12
Q

convalescence

A

stage of recovery post-disease

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13
Q

acute clinical course

A

short lived (less than 6 months)

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14
Q

chronic clinical course

A

may last months to years

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15
Q

exacerbation

A

severity of patient’s signs or symptoms increases, or patient was in remission without signs and symptoms and they reappear

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16
Q

remission

A

decrease in severity of signs or symptoms, or signs and symptoms disappear

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17
Q

statistical normality

A

estimate of diseases in a normal population (bell curve)

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17
Q

sensitivity

A

the probability that a test will be POSITIVE when applied to a person WITH a particular condition

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18
Q

specificity

A

the probability that a test will be NEGATIVE when applied to a person WITHOUT a particular condition

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19
Q

reliability

A

test’s ability to give same results in repeated measurements

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20
Q

validity

A

degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure

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21
Q

predictive value

A

extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person’s condition

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22
Q

endemic

A

native to a local region

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23
Q

epidemic

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A

spreads to many individuals at the same time

24
pandemic
worldwide epidemic
25
incidence
of new cases occuring in a specific time period
26
prevalence
of existing cases within a population during a specific period of time
27
factors affecting patterns of disease
age, ethnic group, gender, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors, geographic locations
28
primary prevention
prevention of disease by altering susceptibility-- reduce exposure (exz. vax, handwashing)
29
secondary prevention
early detection, screening, and management of disease (ex. mammogram)
30
tertiary prevention
one already has the disease and focus is on treatment, rehabilitation, supportive care, and reducing disability
31
Homeostasis
state of equilibrium maintained by process of feedback and regulation
32
Allostasis
ability to successfully adapt (after stressor or problem) and maintain or reestablish homeostasis
33
negative feedback
causes the controller to respond in a manner that opposes that deviation from normal
34
positive feedback
an increase in function in response to a stimulus
35
General Adaptation Syndrome (ARE)
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
35
alarm
SNS arousal of body defenses
36
resistance
adaptation
37
exhaustion
unable to return to homeostasis
38
stress as a concept
1. hypothalamus senses a stressful stimulus in the internal or external environment 2. hypothalamus secretes corticotropin hormone 3. this hormone goes to -sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla which secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) - anterior pituitary which secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone, which goes to the adrenal cortex where glucocorticoids are released (cortisol and aldosterone)
39
stress risk factors
lifestyle, age, gender
40
neurohormonal mediators of stress and adaptation
norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone, endorphins, enkephalins, immune cytokines, sex hormones, oxycotin
40
catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
41
norepinephrine effects on body
constricts blood vessels, raises BP, reduces gastric secretions, increases night and far vision
42
epinephrine effects on body
enhanced myocardial contractility, increases HR and CO, causes bronchidilation, increases glycogenolysis and elevates blood glucose levels
43
endorphins and enkephalins
body's natural pain relievers, released in the body during a stressful event with great pain
44
adrenocortical sterioids
come from adrenal cortex, cortisol and aldosterone
45
cortisol
activated by ACTH, stimulates glucogenesis, promotes catabolism of protein, promotes appetite, anti-inflammatory effect, immunosuppressive
46
aldosterone
mineralcorticoid, promotes reabsorption of sodium and water, increases blood pressure
47
immune cytokines
mediators of immune response
48
sex hormones
testosterone, oxygen-- gender responses when we have a stressor
49
oxytocin
produced during childbirth, lactation, produces calm and relaxing effect
50
adaptation
biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
51
coping
behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
52
distress
perceived inability to cope with a stressor
53
illness
both physiological and psychological, is a stimulus for the stress response
54
physical indicators of stress levels
increased BP and respirations, tachycardia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diharrea, change in weight/appetite
55
behavioral indicators of stress levels
anxiety and depression, alcohol abuse, change in activity patterns, exhaustion, loss of motivation, inability to concentrate

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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