Pathophysiology Review

Question 1

What is pathology?

Answer 1

Essential nature of disease(s) their effects/changes in organs and tissues

Question 2

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 2

Mechanism of dysfunction

Question 3

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 3

How a disease develops

Question 4

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 4

• Physical protection
• Absorption
• Filtration
• Secretion
• Permeability
• Regeneration

Question 5

What are the shapes and locations of epithelial tissue?

Answer 5

• Squamous (thin/flat)
• Cuboidal (cube): surface of ovary and thyroid
• Columnar (column): lines intestine

Question 6

What are the layers of epithelial tissue?

Answer 6

• Simple: designed for filtration absorption or secretion.
• Stratified: more than one layer of cells designed to protect body surfaces.
• Pseudostratified: forms lining of most of the upper respiratory tract.

Question 7

What is connective tissue?

Answer 7

Tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood and lymph

Question 8

What is Marfan Syndrome?

Answer 8

A genetic disorder affecting connective tissue with widespread negative impacts, including tall slender build, long limbs, and risk of aortic aneurysm

Question 9

What are the types and characteristics of muscle tissue?

Answer 9

• Skeletal (striated, voluntary, long and cylindrical)
• Cardiac (short, branched, striated, involuntary)
• Smooth (not striated, spindle-shaped, involuntary)

Question 10

What is the Sliding Filament Theory?

Answer 10

T Tubules carry action potential to the muscle interior; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum releases calcium; Calcium binds to Troponin C, exposing binding sites on actin for cross bridge formation

Question 11

What is atrophy?

Answer 11

Reduction in cell size due to disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, or ischemia

Question 12

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 12

Increase in cell size, commonly seen in heart and skeletal muscle

Question 13

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 13

Increase in cell number, occurring in tissues capable of mitotic division, such as epidermis and intestinal epithelium

Question 14

What is metaplasia?

Answer 14

Replacement of one cell type by another, as seen in GERD or smoker’s lung

Question 15

What is dysplasia?

Answer 15

Disordered growth, a precursor to cancer

Question 16

What is inflammation?

Answer 16

A normal physiologic process for protection and repair, becomes pathological when chronic

Question 17

What is the vascular phase of inflammation?

Answer 17

Vasodilation, increased permeability, exudate flow, and localized clotting

Question 18

What is the cellular response in inflammation?

Answer 18

Chemotaxis, WBC adhesion and transmigration, neutrophils as first responders, macrophages for cleanup

Question 19

What are the phases of wound healing?

Answer 19

• Inflammation (phase 1)
• Proliferation and migration (phase 2)
• Remodeling and maturation (phase 3)

Question 20

What is innate immunity?

Answer 20

Non-specific first response to pathogens

Question 21

What is acquired immunity?

Answer 21

Specific response mediated through memory cells and antibodies

Question 22

What do B cells do?

Answer 22

Recognize free-floating pathogens

Question 23

What do T cells do?

Answer 23

Seek out and destroy hidden pathogens

Question 24

What is blood composition and RBC lifespan?

Answer 24

Blood consists of plasma (55%) and RBCs (45%). Normal RBC lifespan is 120 days.

Question 25

What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?

Answer 25

Caused by low iron, characterized by microcytic and hypochromic RBCs, and symptoms like fatigue

Question 26

What is Megaloblastic Anemia?

Answer 26

Caused by B12 or folic acid deficiency, characterized by large RBCs, and symptoms like bleeding gums and paresthesia

Question 27

What is Hemolytic Anemia?

Answer 27

Excessive and premature destruction of RBCs, such as in sickle cell disease and thalassemia

Question 28

What is thrombocytosis?

Answer 28

Condition with too many platelets leading to excessive clotting

Question 29

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 29

Condition with too few platelets leading to increased bleeding risk

Question 30

What is hemophilia?

Answer 30

Inherited bleeding disorders primarily affecting males, concern for bleeding in soft tissues

Question 31

What are the layers of the gastrointestinal system?

Answer 31

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Question 32

What is GERD?

Answer 32

Reflux of gastric acid due to decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure, leading to cell metaplasia

Question 33

What is appendicitis?

Answer 33

Right lower quadrant pain, potentially referring to thigh or groin, positive rebound tenderness

Question 34

What is Crohn’s Disease?

Answer 34

Inflammation of the small intestine and ascending colon with skip lesions and potential for obstruction

Question 35

What is Ulcerative Colitis?

Answer 35

Inflammation of the rectum and descending colon with continuous lesions and frequent diarrhea

Question 36

What is diverticular disease?

Answer 36

Inflammation of the sigmoid colon, associated with a low fiber diet

Question 37

What are primary visceral pain patterns?

Answer 37

Pain patterns associated with stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, appendix, esophagus, pancreas, colon

Question 38

What are secondary visceral pain patterns?

Answer 38

Pain patterns associated with liver, gallbladder, appendix, pancreas, small intestine, colon, esophagus, stomach, duodenum

Question 39

What are the functions of the liver?

Answer 39

Produces bile, metabolizes nutrients, detoxifies, stores vitamins and minerals

Question 40

What are the clinical manifestations of liver disease?

Answer 40

Jaundice, palmar erythema, spider angiomas, RUQ pain, bone mineral issues, flapping tremor, edema, impaired coagulation, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites

Question 41

What are the diagnostic tests for liver disease?

Answer 41

ALT, AST, ALP, GGT levels

Question 42

What are the disorders related to growth hormone?

Answer 42

Pituitary dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly

Question 43

What is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 43

Insufficient ADH leading to frequent urination and dehydration

Question 44

What is SIADH?

Answer 44

Excessive ADH leading to fluid retention and hyponatremia

Question 45

What are the adrenal gland hormones and disorders?

Answer 45

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

Question 46

What is Addison’s Disease?

Answer 46

Primary adrenal insufficiency with symptoms like hypotension, hyponatremia, poor stress tolerance

Question 47

What is Cushing’s Disease?

Answer 47

Excessive adrenal secretion leading to hypertension, hypernatremia, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, muscle wasting, abnormal hair growth