patient care

Question 1

what’s the most important aspect of patient care?

Answer 1

effective observation

Question 2

(W) TPR

Answer 2

(weight) Temperature, Pulse, Respiration

Question 3

3 pillars of care for a hospitalized patient

Answer 3

clean, dry, comfortable

Question 4

how to keep stress at a minimum for patients?

Answer 4

separate species as much as possible, away from traffic, keep barking to a minimum, make food + water available unless contraindicated

Question 5

parenteral route includes all drugs that

Answer 5

are injected and not absorbed by GI tract

Question 6

always double check drugs by checking

Answer 6

the drug type, dosage, time, and route of administration

Question 7

what signs can help estimate hydration?

Answer 7

dry/tacky mucous membranes, skin turgor, position of the eye in the orbit, body temperature, poor pulse quality and changes in weight

Question 8

true or false: heart and lungs shouldn’t be auscultated before the onset of fluid therapy and throughout treatment

Answer 8

false; you should be doing these things

Question 9

cardio + resp evaluation entails:

Answer 9

mm color, CRT, heart/pulse rate, pulse strength/character

Question 10

most easily accessible/palpable arteries for pulse are:

Answer 10

femoral, dorsal metatarsal, and ulnar arteries

Question 11

heartbeat + artery pulse should be in sync, true or false?

Answer 11

true

Question 12

emergency fluid therapy for shock in dogs

Answer 12

60-90ml/kg/hr only for first 1-2 hours

Question 13

calculation of dehydration replacement volume

Answer 13

% dehydration x kg x 10

Question 14

fluid maintenance requirement

Answer 14

40-60 ml/kg/day

Question 15

when is rapid fluid therapy contraindicated?

Answer 15

pulmonary contusions, existing pulmonary edema, brain injury, congestive heart failure

Question 16

crystalloid fluids (LRS, Normosol-R, .9% NaCl(saline))

Answer 16

contain small molecules that pass trhu a semi-permeable membranes

Question 17

artificial colloids

Answer 17

include hydroxyethyl starches, dextrans, gelatins which contain large molecules that do not readily pass thru a semipermeable membrane

Question 18

why are artificial colloids better than crystalloids at expanding blood volume?

Answer 18

they are limited to the intravascular compartment - they promote better tissue perfusion and maintain colloid oncotic pressure - not used for initial shock txt - often used in conjunction w/ a crystalloid

Question 19

artificial colloids are given subq, true or false

Answer 19

false, they’re given via IV

Question 20

5 different types of blood products

Answer 20

whole blood, plasma, packed RBCs, platelet rich plasma, oxyglobin

Question 21

fresh whole blood

Answer 21

only good up to 8 hrs

contains RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma proteins, and coagulation factors

used in patients w/ thrombocytopenia, anemia w/ coagulopathies, Disseminated intravascular coagulation, and massive hemorrhage

Question 22

disseminated intravascular coagulation (basic info)

Answer 22

body goes thru a clotting process, something triggers typical clotting cascade which is effective until suddenly it’s not and the patient starts bleeding out

cause really unknown + not much of a remedy is possible

Question 23

routes of fluid administration

Answer 23

oral, SQ, IV, intradmedullary

Question 24

oral fluid administration

Answer 24

through mouth, contraindicated if patient is vomiting

Question 25

SQ fluid administration

Answer 25

good for mild dehydration - give only isotonic solutions, no dextrose

Question 26

IV fluid administration

Answer 26

for severe dehydration and shock

Question 27

intramedullary fluid administration

Answer 27

into the bone marrow, not typical usually only seen in kittens and small puppies

Question 28

SPO2

Answer 28

pulse oximeter goes on tongue during surgery, or ear, or toes picks up % of how oxygenated the blood is - should be over 95% blood loss = lower pulse ox

Question 29

hypoxia

Answer 29

deficiency of oxygen at tissue level

Question 30

o2 therapy is used for

Answer 30

hypoxia, pulmonary edema, severe bronchopneumonia, upper airway disease in brachy dogs, pulmonary trauma

Question 31

signs of hypoxemia or hypoxia include:

Answer 31

cyanosis, tachycardia, arrhythmias, increased respiration, open mouthed breathing or dyspnea cns results to cause drowsiness, increased excitability, altered motor abilities cold extremities

Question 32

methods of o2 therapy

Answer 32

o2 cages, human pediatric incubators, masks, nasal catheters, endotracheal tubes and intratracheal catheters

Question 33

routes of nutrition

Answer 33

oral orogastric nasogastric pharyngeal esophageal gastric

Question 34

artificial milk replacers

Answer 34

esbilac 4 puppies and KMR 4 kittens

Question 35

feed neonates how much?

Answer 35

small amounts at atime, their stomachs are tiny

Question 36

size of clipper blade recommended for removing matts

Answer 36

7, 10, 15 blade (NOT 40 - surgical blade)

Question 37

enema

Answer 37

an infusion of liquid into the lower GI tract through the anus

Question 38

whats the point of an enema?

Answer 38

relieve constipation, irrigate colon after poisoning, or empty colon to prepare for radiographs

Question 39

why should you check catheters often?

Answer 39

make sure they weren't pulled out and that the tape wasn't wrapped too tightly (swelling) and to flush them with heparin flush

Question 40

when fluids are being given, observe and record what?

Answer 40

urination

Question 41

check urinary catheter often and measure urine production

Question 42

signs of infection

Answer 42

edema, pus, fever, neutrophilia, pain, color change of skin, exudates, odor